What Does a Pet Scan with Cancer Look Like?

A PET scan with cancer provides valuable insights into disease detection, staging, and treatment monitoring, so PETS.EDU.VN offers a comprehensive guide to understanding these scans and their role in oncology. Discover the use of PET scans in veterinary oncology and how they can help detect cancer in pets, offering hope for improved diagnosis and care, plus exploring the appearance of cancerous cells during a PET scan, diagnostic accuracy, and the integration of these scans into comprehensive cancer treatment plans for your beloved animals.

1. Understanding PET Scans: A Comprehensive Overview

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans represent a significant advancement in medical imaging, offering a unique perspective on the body’s functions at a cellular level. Unlike other imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans, or MRI, which primarily focus on the structure of organs and tissues, PET scans provide insights into metabolic activity. This capability is particularly valuable in the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of various diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.

What is a PET Scan? A PET scan is a non-invasive imaging test that uses a small amount of radioactive material, known as a radiotracer, to visualize and measure metabolic processes in the body. These processes include sugar (glucose) metabolism, oxygen utilization, and blood flow. By detecting changes at the cellular level, PET scans can identify abnormalities often before they are visible on other imaging tests.
How PET Scans Work: Before a PET scan, a radiotracer is administered to the patient, usually through an injection. The radiotracer accumulates in areas of the body with higher levels of chemical activity, which often indicates disease. The PET scanner then detects the gamma rays emitted by the radiotracer, and a computer uses this information to create detailed, three-dimensional images of the body.
Common Radiotracers Used: The most commonly used radiotracer in PET scans is fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), a glucose analogue. Because cancer cells typically have a higher metabolic rate and consume more glucose than normal cells, FDG is readily absorbed by cancerous tissues, making them visible on the PET scan images. Other radiotracers can be used to target specific proteins or receptors, allowing for more specialized imaging applications.
PET Scan vs. Other Imaging Techniques: While CT scans and MRIs provide detailed anatomical images, PET scans offer functional information that can complement these structural views. For example, a CT scan might show the size and location of a tumor, while a PET scan can reveal whether the tumor cells are metabolically active, helping to determine the aggressiveness of the cancer. This combined approach, known as PET-CT or PET-MRI, provides a more comprehensive assessment of the disease.

2. The Science Behind PET Scans: How They Work

To fully appreciate the clinical significance of PET scans, it is essential to understand the underlying scientific principles that make this imaging technique so powerful. PET scans rely on the detection of positrons, subatomic particles emitted by radioactive isotopes, to create images of metabolic activity within the body.

Radiotracers and Positron Emission: At the heart of a PET scan is the radiotracer, a molecule labeled with a radioactive isotope that emits positrons. When the radiotracer is introduced into the body, it travels through the bloodstream and accumulates in tissues and organs based on their metabolic activity. The radioactive isotope then undergoes radioactive decay, emitting a positron.
Annihilation and Gamma Ray Detection: When a positron encounters an electron, a process called annihilation occurs. During annihilation, the positron and electron are destroyed, and their mass is converted into two gamma rays that are emitted in opposite directions. These gamma rays are detected by the PET scanner, which consists of a ring of detectors surrounding the patient.
Image Reconstruction: The PET scanner records the location and timing of the gamma ray detections. Using sophisticated computer algorithms, this information is used to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the distribution of the radiotracer within the body. Areas with high concentrations of the radiotracer appear as “hot spots” on the image, indicating increased metabolic activity.
Factors Affecting Image Quality: Several factors can affect the quality of PET scan images, including the type of radiotracer used, the dose administered, the timing of the scan, and the patient’s physiological condition. Proper patient preparation, such as fasting before the scan, is crucial to ensure accurate and reliable results.

3. What a PET Scan with Cancer Looks Like: Visual Indicators

When it comes to visualizing cancer through PET scans, understanding the visual indicators is crucial for accurate interpretation. Cancer cells often exhibit unique metabolic characteristics that make them distinguishable from normal cells on PET images.

Increased Metabolic Activity: Cancer cells typically have a higher metabolic rate than normal cells. This increased metabolic activity is often reflected in the PET scan images as areas of increased radiotracer uptake, appearing as “hot spots” or bright areas. These hot spots indicate regions where cells are rapidly dividing and consuming more glucose or other metabolites.
Tumor Detection and Localization: PET scans are highly effective in detecting tumors, even at early stages when they may be small and difficult to detect with other imaging techniques. The ability of PET scans to visualize metabolic activity allows for precise tumor localization, which is essential for treatment planning and monitoring.
Distinguishing Benign from Malignant Lesions: One of the key advantages of PET scans is their ability to differentiate between benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous) lesions. Benign lesions typically have lower metabolic activity and appear less bright on PET images, while malignant lesions exhibit higher metabolic activity and appear as intense hot spots.
Patterns of Uptake in Different Cancers: Different types of cancer may exhibit unique patterns of radiotracer uptake on PET scans. For example, some cancers may show diffuse uptake throughout the tumor, while others may have more focal or heterogeneous uptake. Understanding these patterns can help radiologists and oncologists to better characterize the cancer and tailor treatment strategies accordingly.

Caption: PET plus CT scan showing lung cancer as a bright spot.

4. The Role of PET Scans in Cancer Diagnosis

PET scans play a pivotal role in cancer diagnosis, offering unique advantages over other imaging modalities. Their ability to detect metabolic changes at the cellular level allows for early and accurate detection of cancer, as well as valuable insights into the extent and aggressiveness of the disease.

Early Detection of Cancer: PET scans can detect cancer at an early stage, often before structural changes are visible on other imaging tests. This early detection is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and increasing the chances of survival.
Staging of Cancer: PET scans are used to determine the stage of cancer, which is essential for guiding treatment decisions. By visualizing the spread of cancer to different parts of the body, PET scans help oncologists to classify the cancer into different stages, ranging from early-stage (localized) to advanced-stage (metastatic).
Differentiating Cancer from Other Conditions: PET scans can help differentiate cancer from other conditions, such as infections or inflammation, which may mimic cancer on other imaging tests. This is particularly important in situations where the diagnosis is uncertain or when there is a need to rule out cancer.
Guiding Biopsies: PET scans can be used to guide biopsies, helping to ensure that the biopsy sample is taken from the most metabolically active area of the tumor. This targeted approach increases the likelihood of obtaining a representative sample for accurate diagnosis and molecular profiling.

5. Utilizing PET Scans in Veterinary Oncology: Detecting Cancer in Pets

The principles of PET scanning used in human medicine can also be applied to veterinary oncology, providing valuable diagnostic and treatment monitoring capabilities for pets with cancer. While PET scans are not as widely available for animals as they are for humans, their use is growing in specialized veterinary centers.

Challenges in Veterinary PET Scanning: There are several challenges associated with performing PET scans in animals. One of the main challenges is the need for anesthesia to keep the animal still during the scan. Additionally, the size and shape of animals can vary widely, requiring specialized equipment and protocols.
Applications of PET Scans in Pets: Despite these challenges, PET scans can be valuable in detecting, staging, and monitoring cancer in pets. They are particularly useful for identifying tumors that are difficult to detect with other imaging techniques, such as deep-seated tumors or those in complex anatomical regions.
Types of Cancers Detected: PET scans can be used to detect a wide range of cancers in pets, including lymphoma, osteosarcoma, melanoma, and mammary gland tumors. The choice of radiotracer may vary depending on the type of cancer being investigated.
Improving Treatment Outcomes: By providing more accurate and detailed information about the extent and aggressiveness of cancer, PET scans can help veterinarians to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of each animal. This personalized approach can lead to improved treatment outcomes and quality of life for pets with cancer.

PET scans are invaluable for guiding treatment decisions and monitoring response to therapy. If you’re seeking the best care for your pet, PETS.EDU.VN offers comprehensive information and resources.

6. Accuracy and Limitations of PET Scans in Cancer Imaging

While PET scans are a powerful tool in cancer imaging, it is important to understand their accuracy and limitations. Like any diagnostic test, PET scans are not perfect and may be subject to false positive or false negative results.

Factors Affecting Accuracy: Several factors can affect the accuracy of PET scans, including the size and location of the tumor, the type of cancer, the radiotracer used, and the patient’s physiological condition. Additionally, certain medications or medical conditions may interfere with the accuracy of PET scan results.
False Positives: A false positive result occurs when a PET scan shows increased radiotracer uptake in an area that is not actually cancerous. This can happen due to inflammation, infection, or other benign conditions. False positives can lead to unnecessary anxiety and further testing.
False Negatives: A false negative result occurs when a PET scan fails to detect cancer that is actually present. This can happen if the tumor is too small, not metabolically active, or if the radiotracer does not accumulate in the tumor. False negatives can delay diagnosis and treatment.
Importance of Correlation with Other Tests: Due to the potential for false positive and false negative results, it is important to correlate PET scan findings with other diagnostic tests, such as CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies. A multidisciplinary approach involving radiologists, oncologists, and other specialists is essential for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

7. Understanding PET Scan Results: What Do They Mean?

Interpreting PET scan results can be complex, and it is important to understand what the findings mean in the context of a patient’s overall clinical picture. PET scan reports typically include a description of the distribution of the radiotracer in the body, as well as an assessment of any abnormal findings.

Normal vs. Abnormal Uptake: A normal PET scan shows uniform distribution of the radiotracer throughout the body, with no areas of increased uptake. Abnormal findings include areas of increased radiotracer uptake, which may indicate cancer, inflammation, or infection.
Standardized Uptake Value (SUV): The standardized uptake value (SUV) is a quantitative measure of radiotracer uptake in a specific area of the body. It is calculated by dividing the radiotracer concentration in the tissue by the injected dose and normalizing for body weight or body surface area. Higher SUV values typically indicate greater metabolic activity and a higher likelihood of malignancy.
Interpreting SUV Values: While SUV values can be helpful in differentiating benign from malignant lesions, it is important to interpret them in the context of the patient’s clinical history and other imaging findings. There is no single SUV cutoff value that can definitively diagnose or exclude cancer.
Follow-Up and Further Testing: Depending on the PET scan results, follow-up and further testing may be necessary. This may include additional imaging tests, biopsies, or other procedures to confirm the diagnosis and guide treatment decisions.

8. Combining PET Scans with Other Imaging Techniques (PET-CT & PET-MRI)

To enhance the diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility of PET scans, they are often combined with other imaging techniques, such as CT and MRI. These combined imaging modalities, known as PET-CT and PET-MRI, provide both functional and anatomical information, allowing for a more comprehensive assessment of disease.

PET-CT Scans: PET-CT scans combine the functional information from PET with the anatomical detail from CT. This allows for precise localization of metabolic abnormalities within the body. For example, a PET-CT scan can show a hot spot in the lung and pinpoint its exact location within the lung tissue.
Advantages of PET-CT: PET-CT scans offer several advantages over PET scans alone. They provide better anatomical detail, improve lesion localization, and reduce the likelihood of false positive and false negative results. PET-CT is widely used in oncology for staging cancer, monitoring treatment response, and detecting recurrence.
PET-MRI Scans: PET-MRI scans combine the functional information from PET with the superior soft tissue contrast from MRI. This allows for detailed visualization of metabolic activity in relation to surrounding tissues. PET-MRI is particularly useful for imaging the brain, heart, and musculoskeletal system.
Advantages of PET-MRI: PET-MRI scans offer several advantages over PET-CT scans, including lower radiation exposure (as MRI does not use ionizing radiation) and better soft tissue contrast. PET-MRI is increasingly being used in oncology for detecting and characterizing tumors, as well as for monitoring treatment response.

9. Preparing for a PET Scan: What to Expect

Preparing for a PET scan is important to ensure accurate and reliable results. Your healthcare provider will give you specific instructions on how to prepare for your scan, but here are some general guidelines:

Fasting: You may be asked to fast for several hours before the PET scan. This is because food can interfere with the uptake of the radiotracer by cancer cells. Your healthcare provider will tell you how long to fast and whether you can drink clear liquids during the fasting period.
Hydration: It is important to stay well-hydrated before the PET scan. Drinking plenty of water helps to flush the radiotracer from your body and improve image quality.
Medications: Tell your healthcare provider about any medications you are taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, and herbal supplements. Some medications may interfere with the PET scan, so your healthcare provider may ask you to temporarily stop taking them.
Clothing: Wear comfortable, loose-fitting clothing on the day of the PET scan. You may be asked to change into a hospital gown before the scan.
Medical Conditions: Tell your healthcare provider if you have any medical conditions, such as diabetes, kidney disease, or heart disease. These conditions may affect the PET scan results, so your healthcare provider may need to adjust the scan protocol accordingly.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, tell your healthcare provider before the PET scan. The radiotracer can expose the fetus or infant to radiation, so your healthcare provider may recommend alternative imaging tests or postpone the PET scan until after pregnancy or breastfeeding.

Caption: PET scan of the heart showing reduced blood flow.

10. What to Expect During a PET Scan Procedure

The PET scan procedure typically takes about one to two hours to complete. Here is what you can expect during the procedure:

Arrival and Preparation: When you arrive for your PET scan, you will be asked to check in and complete any necessary paperwork. You may be asked to change into a hospital gown and remove any jewelry or metal objects that could interfere with the scan.
Radiotracer Injection: A healthcare professional will inject the radiotracer into a vein in your arm or hand. You may feel a brief sting or cold sensation during the injection.
Waiting Period: After the radiotracer injection, you will need to wait for a period of time (typically 30 to 60 minutes) while the radiotracer is absorbed by your body. During this time, you will be asked to relax and remain still.
Scanning: Once the waiting period is over, you will be taken to the PET scanner room. You will lie on a table that slides into the PET scanner, which is a large, doughnut-shaped machine. The scanner will take images of your body for about 30 to 60 minutes.
Staying Still: It is important to remain as still as possible during the scanning process to ensure clear and accurate images. The healthcare professional will give you instructions on how to breathe and position your body during the scan.
Communication: You will be able to communicate with the healthcare professional during the scanning process. If you feel uncomfortable or need to move, let them know.
Completion: Once the scanning is complete, you will be able to get up and leave. You can typically resume your normal activities, unless your healthcare provider tells you otherwise.

11. Risks and Side Effects of PET Scans

PET scans are generally safe, but like any medical procedure, there are some risks and side effects to be aware of:

Radiation Exposure: PET scans involve exposure to a small amount of radiation from the radiotracer. The amount of radiation is typically low and considered safe for most people. However, pregnant women and children are more sensitive to radiation, so PET scans may not be recommended for them.
Allergic Reaction: In rare cases, people may have an allergic reaction to the radiotracer. Symptoms of an allergic reaction can include rash, itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing. Tell your healthcare provider if you have any allergies before the PET scan.
Injection Site Reaction: Some people may experience pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site. This is usually mild and resolves on its own within a few days.
Anxiety: Some people may feel anxious or claustrophobic during the PET scan, especially if they are afraid of enclosed spaces. If you feel anxious, tell the healthcare professional, and they may be able to give you medication to help you relax.
Breastfeeding: If you are breastfeeding, talk to your healthcare provider about whether it is safe to breastfeed after the PET scan. You may need to pump and discard your breast milk for a period of time to avoid exposing your baby to radiation.

12. The Future of PET Scans: Advancements and Innovations

The field of PET scanning is constantly evolving, with ongoing research and development focused on improving image quality, reducing radiation exposure, and expanding the clinical applications of this powerful imaging technique.

New Radiotracers: Researchers are developing new radiotracers that target specific proteins and receptors in cancer cells. These new radiotracers have the potential to improve the accuracy of PET scans and provide more detailed information about the biology of cancer.
Improved Image Reconstruction Techniques: Advances in computer technology are leading to improved image reconstruction techniques that can produce clearer and more detailed PET scan images. These techniques can also reduce the amount of radiation exposure needed to obtain high-quality images.
Artificial Intelligence (AI): AI is being used to analyze PET scan images and identify subtle patterns that may be missed by human readers. AI can also help to automate the process of image interpretation and improve the efficiency of PET scanning.
Portable PET Scanners: Researchers are developing portable PET scanners that can be used in the operating room to guide surgical procedures. These portable scanners can help surgeons to remove tumors more completely and spare healthy tissue.
Personalized Medicine: PET scans are playing an increasingly important role in personalized medicine, helping to tailor treatment plans to the specific characteristics of each patient’s cancer. By providing detailed information about the biology of cancer, PET scans can help oncologists to choose the most effective treatments for their patients.

13. Integrating PET Scans into Comprehensive Cancer Treatment Plans

PET scans are an integral part of comprehensive cancer treatment plans, providing valuable information that guides treatment decisions and monitors response to therapy.

Treatment Planning: PET scans are used to plan radiation therapy, helping to ensure that the radiation is targeted precisely to the tumor while sparing healthy tissue. They also guide surgical planning, helping surgeons to remove tumors more completely.
Monitoring Treatment Response: PET scans are used to monitor the response of cancer to treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy. By visualizing changes in metabolic activity, PET scans can help oncologists to determine whether the treatment is working and adjust the treatment plan if necessary.
Detecting Recurrence: PET scans are used to detect cancer recurrence after treatment. They can identify small areas of recurrence that may not be visible on other imaging tests, allowing for early intervention and improved outcomes.
Palliative Care: PET scans can be used to assess the extent and activity of cancer in patients with advanced disease, helping to guide palliative care decisions and improve quality of life.

Caption: PET scans of the brain showing the effects of Alzheimer’s disease.

14. What Does a Pet Scan With Cancer Look Like: Detailed Analysis

A PET scan with cancer reveals distinct patterns that aid in diagnosis and monitoring. Cancer cells typically exhibit increased metabolic activity, leading to higher uptake of the radiotracer, which appears as bright spots on the scan. The intensity and distribution of these spots provide valuable information about the tumor’s size, location, and aggressiveness.

14.1 Interpreting the Images

Interpreting PET scan images requires expertise, as various factors can influence the results. Inflammation or infection, for instance, may also cause increased tracer uptake, leading to false positives. Therefore, radiologists correlate PET findings with other imaging modalities like CT or MRI to enhance diagnostic accuracy.

14.2 Variations in Appearance

The appearance of cancer on a PET scan can vary depending on the type of cancer, its stage, and individual patient factors. Some cancers may present as well-defined, intense spots, while others exhibit more diffuse or heterogeneous uptake. Understanding these variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

14.3 Advanced Techniques

Advanced PET imaging techniques, such as PET-CT and PET-MRI, provide even more detailed information. By combining functional and anatomical data, these modalities offer a comprehensive view of the tumor and its surrounding tissues, aiding in precise localization and staging.

15. Case Studies: Real-World Examples of PET Scans in Cancer

Examining real-world case studies can provide valuable insights into how PET scans are used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Here are a few examples:

15.1 Lung Cancer

A 60-year-old smoker presents with a persistent cough and shortness of breath. A chest X-ray reveals a suspicious nodule in the lung. A PET-CT scan is performed, showing increased tracer uptake in the nodule, confirming it as cancerous. The scan also reveals metastasis to nearby lymph nodes, influencing treatment planning.

15.2 Lymphoma

A 35-year-old patient experiences unexplained weight loss and swollen lymph nodes. A PET scan is ordered to assess the extent of the disease. The scan shows widespread tracer uptake in multiple lymph nodes, confirming a diagnosis of lymphoma. The information guides the oncologist in selecting the appropriate chemotherapy regimen.

15.3 Breast Cancer

A 50-year-old woman with a history of breast cancer undergoes a PET scan to evaluate a new area of concern. The scan detects increased tracer uptake in the bone, indicating metastatic disease. The findings prompt a change in treatment strategy to target the bone metastases.

16. The Economics of PET Scans: Cost and Insurance Coverage

The cost of a PET scan can vary depending on several factors, including the location of the facility, the type of radiotracer used, and whether it is combined with other imaging modalities. Insurance coverage for PET scans also varies depending on the insurance plan and the medical necessity of the scan.

16.1 Cost Factors

The cost of a PET scan can range from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Factors that can influence the cost include the complexity of the scan, the expertise of the radiologist interpreting the images, and the equipment used.

16.2 Insurance Coverage

Many insurance plans cover PET scans for certain medical conditions, such as cancer, heart disease, and neurological disorders. However, coverage may be subject to certain limitations or requirements, such as prior authorization or medical necessity criteria.

16.3 Financial Assistance

For patients who have difficulty affording PET scans, there are several financial assistance programs available. These programs may offer discounts, payment plans, or even free PET scans to eligible individuals.

17. Debunking Myths About PET Scans

There are several common myths about PET scans that can cause confusion and anxiety. Here are a few of the most common myths and the facts behind them:

17.1 Myth: PET Scans Are Always Accurate

Fact: While PET scans are a powerful diagnostic tool, they are not always accurate. False positives and false negatives can occur, so it is important to correlate PET findings with other imaging modalities and clinical information.

17.2 Myth: PET Scans Are Dangerous

Fact: PET scans involve exposure to a small amount of radiation, but the risk is generally low. The benefits of PET scans in diagnosing and treating cancer typically outweigh the risks.

17.3 Myth: PET Scans Are Only Used for Cancer

Fact: While PET scans are commonly used in oncology, they can also be used to diagnose and monitor other conditions, such as heart disease, neurological disorders, and infections.

18. Alternative Imaging Techniques for Cancer Detection

While PET scans are a valuable tool for cancer detection, there are other imaging techniques that can be used as well. These include:

Computed Tomography (CT): CT scans use X-rays to create detailed images of the body. They are often used to detect and stage cancer.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI scans use magnets and radio waves to create images of the body. They are particularly useful for imaging soft tissues, such as the brain, spinal cord, and muscles.
Ultrasound: Ultrasound scans use sound waves to create images of the body. They are often used to evaluate organs in the abdomen and pelvis.
Nuclear Medicine Scans: Nuclear medicine scans use radioactive tracers to visualize organs and tissues. They can be used to detect cancer and other conditions.

Each of these imaging techniques has its own advantages and limitations, so the choice of which one to use depends on the specific clinical situation.

19. Questions to Ask Your Doctor About PET Scans

If your doctor recommends a PET scan, it is important to ask questions so that you understand the procedure and its potential benefits and risks. Here are some questions you may want to ask:

Why do I need a PET scan?
What will the PET scan show?
How should I prepare for the PET scan?
What are the risks and side effects of the PET scan?
How accurate is the PET scan?
When will I get the results of the PET scan?
What will happen after the PET scan?
Are there any alternative imaging techniques that could be used instead of a PET scan?

20. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About PET Scans and Cancer

Q1: What is a PET scan and how does it work?
A: A PET scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive tracer to visualize metabolic activity in the body, helping detect diseases like cancer.
Q2: How accurate is a PET scan in detecting cancer?
A: PET scans are highly accurate but can have false positives or negatives, so results are correlated with other tests.
Q3: What does cancer look like on a PET scan?
A: Cancer typically appears as bright spots due to increased metabolic activity.
Q4: Are PET scans safe?
A: PET scans involve low radiation exposure, considered safe for most people, though not recommended for pregnant women.
Q5: How do I prepare for a PET scan?
A: Preparation usually involves fasting, staying hydrated, and informing your doctor about medications.
Q6: What are the risks of a PET scan?
A: Risks include radiation exposure and rare allergic reactions.
Q7: Can PET scans detect all types of cancer?
A: PET scans are effective for many but not all cancers, as some do not exhibit high metabolic activity.
Q8: How is a PET scan different from a CT scan?
A: PET scans show metabolic activity, while CT scans provide detailed anatomical images.
Q9: What is a PET-CT scan?
A: A PET-CT scan combines PET and CT imaging for both functional and anatomical information.
Q10: How much does a PET scan cost and is it covered by insurance?
A: Costs vary, but many insurance plans cover PET scans for medically necessary conditions like cancer.

PET scans have revolutionized cancer diagnosis and treatment, offering unparalleled insights into the metabolic activity of tumors. By understanding what cancer looks like on a PET scan, healthcare professionals can make informed decisions that improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Remember, PETS.EDU.VN is your go-to resource for reliable information and services related to pet health and cancer care.

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