Can You Keep Ladybugs As A Pet? Absolutely! At PETS.EDU.VN, we believe these vibrant beetles can make fascinating and low-maintenance companions. This guide will explore everything you need to know about keeping ladybugs as pets, from creating the perfect habitat to providing the right food and care. Let’s delve into the world of ladybug keeping, ensuring a happy and healthy life for your tiny friends with helpful tips and tricks about ladybug care, ladybug habitat, and insect pets.
1. Understanding the Appeal of Ladybugs as Pets
Ladybugs, also known as lady beetles or ladybird beetles, are not only beneficial for gardens but also captivating as pets. Their vibrant colors, gentle nature, and low-maintenance care make them appealing to both children and adults.
1.1. Why Choose Ladybugs as Pets?
Choosing ladybugs as pets offers several advantages:
- Low Maintenance: Ladybugs require minimal care compared to traditional pets like dogs or cats.
- Educational Value: Observing ladybugs can be educational, especially for children, teaching them about insect life cycles and ecosystems.
- Beneficial Insects: Ladybugs are natural predators of aphids and other garden pests, making them environmentally friendly.
- Space Saving: Ladybugs can thrive in small enclosures, making them suitable for apartments or homes with limited space.
- Unique Pet Experience: Keeping ladybugs as pets offers a unique and engaging experience, different from the usual pet ownership.
1.2. Debunking Common Misconceptions About Ladybugs
Before keeping ladybugs as pets, it’s essential to dispel some common misconceptions:
| Misconception | Reality |
|---|---|
| Ladybugs are all the same. | There are over 5,000 species of ladybugs worldwide, each with unique colors, patterns, and behaviors. |
| Ladybugs only eat aphids. | While aphids are a primary food source, ladybugs also consume other insects, pollen, and nectar. |
| Ladybugs are immune to pesticides. | Ladybugs are susceptible to pesticides, which can harm or kill them. |
| Ladybugs are always red. | Ladybugs come in various colors, including yellow, orange, black, and brown, with different spot patterns. |
| Ladybugs don’t need water. | Ladybugs require a source of moisture to stay hydrated, which can be provided through damp cotton balls or a shallow dish of water. |
By understanding the true nature of ladybugs, you can provide them with the best possible care in their new home.
1.3. Ladybug Symbolism and Cultural Significance
Ladybugs hold significant symbolism and cultural importance in many societies:
- Good Luck: In many cultures, ladybugs are considered symbols of good luck and fortune.
- Protection: Some believe that ladybugs protect gardens and homes from harm.
- Healing: Ladybugs are associated with healing and renewal in some traditions.
- Love and Relationships: In certain cultures, ladybugs symbolize love and successful relationships.
- Children: Ladybugs are often seen as symbols of children and childhood innocence.
This positive symbolism adds to the appeal of keeping ladybugs as pets, bringing a sense of joy and good fortune to your home.
2. Choosing the Right Ladybug Species for Your Pet Habitat
Selecting the right ladybug species is crucial for creating a thriving pet habitat. Not all ladybugs are created equal, and understanding their specific needs will ensure their well-being.
2.1. Popular Ladybug Species for Pets
Here are some popular ladybug species suitable for keeping as pets:
| Species | Description | Care Level | Habitat Needs |
|---|---|---|---|
| Harmonia axyridis | Also known as the harlequin ladybug, it comes in various colors and patterns. | Moderate | Requires a spacious enclosure with plants, aphids, and a moisture source. |
| Hippodamia convergens | The convergent ladybug is native to North America and is known for its bright orange color and black spots. | Easy | Prefers a well-ventilated enclosure with a constant supply of aphids and a shallow water source. |
| Adalia bipunctata | The two-spotted ladybug is small and typically red with two black spots. | Easy | Thrives in a small enclosure with plants, aphids, and a humid environment. |
| Coccinella septempunctata | The seven-spotted ladybug is one of the most common species, with a red body and seven black spots. | Moderate | Needs a larger enclosure with diverse plants, aphids, and a consistent moisture level. |
| Chilocorus kuwanae | This species is known for its shiny black body and is often used for controlling scale insects in gardens. | Difficult | Requires a specialized diet of scale insects, a humid environment, and careful monitoring. |
2.2. Native vs. Non-Native Species: Making an Informed Choice
When choosing a ladybug species, consider whether it is native to your area. Native species are generally better adapted to the local climate and ecosystem. Introducing non-native species can potentially disrupt the local environment. According to a study by the University of California, introducing non-native ladybugs can negatively impact native insect populations.
- Native Species: These ladybugs are naturally found in your region and are less likely to cause ecological imbalances. They are also better suited to the local climate and available food sources.
- Non-Native Species: These ladybugs are not native to your area and can potentially outcompete native species for resources or introduce diseases.
Always research the ladybug species before acquiring them to ensure you are making an environmentally responsible choice.
2.3. Where to Acquire Ladybugs for Pets
You can acquire ladybugs for pets from several sources:
- Local Garden Centers: Many garden centers sell ladybugs for pest control.
- Online Suppliers: Numerous online suppliers specialize in selling live ladybugs.
- Educational Programs: Some educational programs provide ladybugs for classroom projects.
- Direct Collection: In some cases, you can collect ladybugs from your garden or local parks, but ensure it is legal and sustainable.
When purchasing ladybugs, ensure they are healthy and active. Avoid ladybugs that appear sluggish, have damaged wings, or show signs of disease. PETS.EDU.VN recommends checking local regulations before collecting ladybugs from the wild.
The vibrant Convergent Ladybug, a popular choice for insect enthusiasts, gracefully perches on a verdant leaf, showcasing its distinctive orange hue and black spots.
3. Setting Up the Perfect Ladybug Habitat
Creating the perfect habitat is essential for the health and happiness of your pet ladybugs. A well-designed enclosure should mimic their natural environment, providing them with everything they need to thrive.
3.1. Enclosure Options: From Terrariums to DIY Habitats
There are several enclosure options for keeping ladybugs as pets:
- Terrariums: Glass or plastic terrariums provide a controlled environment for ladybugs.
- Mesh Cages: Mesh cages offer good ventilation and are suitable for warmer climates.
- DIY Habitats: You can create your own ladybug habitat using plastic containers or glass jars with proper ventilation.
| Enclosure Type | Pros | Cons |
|---|---|---|
| Terrariums | Excellent humidity control, easy to observe ladybugs | Can be expensive, requires careful ventilation |
| Mesh Cages | Good ventilation, lightweight | May not retain humidity well, less aesthetically pleasing |
| DIY Habitats | Cost-effective, customizable | Requires careful planning for ventilation and humidity control, may not be as durable as other options |
Regardless of the enclosure type, ensure it is escape-proof and provides adequate ventilation.
3.2. Essential Habitat Components: Substrate, Plants, and Decorations
The essential components of a ladybug habitat include:
- Substrate: Use a mix of soil, peat moss, and coco fiber to provide a natural substrate for ladybugs to burrow and lay eggs.
- Plants: Live plants provide ladybugs with a food source, shelter, and humidity.
- Decorations: Add small rocks, twigs, and bark to create hiding places and enrich the environment.
| Component | Purpose | Recommended Materials |
|---|---|---|
| Substrate | Provides a natural environment for ladybugs to burrow and lay eggs | Mix of soil, peat moss, and coco fiber |
| Plants | Offers a food source (pollen and nectar), shelter, and helps maintain humidity | Marigolds, asters, chrysanthemums, daisies, yarrows, angelica |
| Decorations | Creates hiding places, enriches the environment, and provides opportunities for ladybugs to explore and climb | Small rocks, twigs, bark, small ceramic caves |
| Water Source | Essential for hydration | Shallow dish with water and pebbles (to prevent drowning), damp cotton balls |
| Food Source | Provides essential nutrients for ladybug survival | Aphids (primary food), pollen, nectar, honey-water solution |
According to research from the University of Florida, a diverse habitat with various plants and hiding places promotes the health and well-being of ladybugs.
3.3. Maintaining Optimal Temperature and Humidity
Maintaining the right temperature and humidity levels is crucial for ladybug health. The ideal temperature range is between 65-75°F (18-24°C), and humidity should be between 40-50%.
- Temperature: Use a thermometer to monitor the temperature inside the enclosure. If needed, use a heat mat or lamp to maintain the ideal temperature.
- Humidity: Mist the enclosure with water regularly to maintain humidity. Use a hygrometer to monitor humidity levels.
To ensure your ladybugs thrive, monitor and adjust these factors regularly.
4. Feeding Your Ladybugs: A Balanced Diet
Providing your ladybugs with a balanced diet is crucial for their health and longevity. While aphids are a primary food source, supplementing their diet with other nutrients can enhance their well-being.
4.1. The Importance of Aphids in the Ladybug Diet
Aphids are a ladybug’s favorite food. These small, soft-bodied insects provide essential nutrients for ladybugs to grow and reproduce.
- Sourcing Aphids: You can source aphids from your garden, local nurseries, or online suppliers.
- Aphid Alternatives: If aphids are not available, you can supplement their diet with other small insects or commercial ladybug food.
Always ensure the aphids are free from pesticides or other harmful chemicals.
4.2. Supplemental Foods: Pollen, Nectar, and Honey-Water Solutions
In addition to aphids, ladybugs benefit from supplemental foods:
- Pollen: Provide pollen by including flowering plants in the enclosure.
- Nectar: Offer nectar by misting plants with a sugar-water solution.
- Honey-Water Solutions: Mix honey with water (1:1 ratio) and offer it in a shallow dish.
| Food Source | Nutritional Benefits | How to Provide |
|---|---|---|
| Aphids | Primary source of protein and essential nutrients | Introduce aphids into the enclosure regularly, ensuring they are pesticide-free. |
| Pollen | Provides additional protein and vitamins | Include flowering plants such as marigolds, asters, and daisies in the enclosure. |
| Nectar | Source of carbohydrates and energy | Mist plants with a sugar-water solution (1 teaspoon of sugar per cup of water). |
| Honey-Water Solution | Provides a quick source of energy and hydration | Mix honey with water in a 1:1 ratio and offer it in a shallow dish. Place small pebbles in the dish to prevent ladybugs from drowning. |
| Commercial Ladybug Food | Offers a balanced diet of essential nutrients | Follow the instructions on the packaging for serving. Ensure the food is fresh and not expired. |
According to studies, a varied diet enhances ladybug health and reproductive success.
4.3. Safe Feeding Practices: Avoiding Harmful Substances
When feeding ladybugs, avoid harmful substances such as:
- Pesticides: Never feed ladybugs aphids or plants treated with pesticides.
- Chemicals: Avoid using cleaning products or chemicals near the enclosure.
- Toxic Plants: Ensure all plants in the enclosure are non-toxic to ladybugs.
Always wash plants and food sources thoroughly before introducing them to the enclosure.
5. Maintaining a Clean and Healthy Habitat
Maintaining a clean and healthy habitat is essential for preventing disease and promoting ladybug well-being. Regular cleaning and proper hygiene practices are key to a thriving ladybug colony.
5.1. Regular Cleaning and Waste Removal
Clean the ladybug enclosure regularly to remove waste and prevent mold growth:
- Daily Checks: Remove any dead insects or debris daily.
- Weekly Cleaning: Clean the enclosure with warm, soapy water weekly.
- Substrate Replacement: Replace the substrate every 6-12 months, or more frequently if needed.
| Cleaning Task | Frequency | Procedure |
|---|---|---|
| Remove Dead Insects/Debris | Daily | Inspect the enclosure daily and remove any dead insects, shed exoskeletons, or uneaten food. Use tweezers or a small brush to gently remove debris without disturbing the live ladybugs. |
| Clean Water Dish | Every 2-3 Days | Empty and clean the water dish every 2-3 days to prevent algae growth and bacteria buildup. Rinse the dish with warm water and mild soap, then rinse thoroughly before refilling with fresh water. |
| Mist the Enclosure | Daily | Mist the enclosure with water to maintain humidity levels. This also helps keep the plants hydrated and provides a source of drinking water for the ladybugs. Avoid over-misting, which can lead to mold growth. |
| Wipe Down Enclosure Walls | Weekly | Use a damp cloth to wipe down the interior walls of the enclosure to remove any dirt, debris, or condensation. This helps maintain visibility and prevents the buildup of harmful bacteria. |
| Replace Substrate | 6-12 Months | Replace the substrate every 6-12 months to prevent the buildup of waste and harmful bacteria. Carefully remove the old substrate and replace it with fresh, clean substrate. Ensure the new substrate is properly moistened. |
5.2. Preventing Mold and Pests
Prevent mold and pest infestations by:
- Proper Ventilation: Ensure the enclosure has adequate ventilation to prevent moisture buildup.
- Quarantine New Plants: Quarantine new plants before introducing them to the enclosure to prevent pests.
- Natural Pest Control: Use natural pest control methods, such as introducing beneficial mites, if needed.
According to the Entomological Society of America, good hygiene practices are essential for preventing insect diseases.
5.3. Recognizing and Addressing Common Health Issues
Be aware of common health issues in ladybugs and address them promptly:
- Sluggishness: This can indicate dehydration or malnutrition.
- Discoloration: Changes in color can indicate disease or exposure to toxins.
- Lack of Appetite: This can be a sign of stress or illness.
Consult with a veterinarian or entomologist if you notice any signs of illness in your ladybugs. For more in-depth insights into ladybug care and health, visit PETS.EDU.VN.
6. Breeding Ladybugs: A Step-by-Step Guide
Breeding ladybugs can be a rewarding experience, allowing you to observe their life cycle and expand your colony.
6.1. Creating a Breeding-Friendly Environment
To encourage breeding, create a suitable environment:
- Temperature and Humidity: Maintain the ideal temperature and humidity levels.
- Food Availability: Provide a constant supply of aphids and supplemental foods.
- Shelter: Offer plenty of plants and hiding places.
According to research from the University of California, ladybugs breed more successfully in environments that mimic their natural habitat.
6.2. Identifying Eggs, Larvae, Pupae, and Adults
Understanding the ladybug life cycle is essential for successful breeding:
- Eggs: Ladybug eggs are small, yellow, and typically laid in clusters on leaves.
- Larvae: Ladybug larvae are alligator-like with black and orange markings.
- Pupae: Ladybug pupae are attached to leaves and resemble small, colorful shells.
- Adults: Adult ladybugs emerge from the pupae with their characteristic colors and patterns.
| Life Stage | Description | Duration | Care Tips |
|---|---|---|---|
| Eggs | Small, oval-shaped, and typically yellow or orange in color. They are usually laid in clusters on the undersides of leaves, near aphid colonies. | 3-7 days | Maintain consistent humidity levels to prevent the eggs from drying out. Avoid disturbing the eggs to ensure they hatch successfully. |
| Larvae | Elongated, alligator-like appearance with black and orange markings. They are voracious predators, consuming large numbers of aphids. | 2-4 weeks | Provide a constant supply of aphids for the larvae to feed on. Keep the enclosure clean to prevent disease and ensure the larvae have enough space to move around and hunt. |
| Pupae | The pupa is a transitional stage where the larva transforms into an adult ladybug. The pupa is often attached to a leaf or stem and is typically orange or brown in color. | 1-2 weeks | Avoid disturbing the pupae, as this can interfere with their development. Maintain consistent humidity levels to prevent the pupae from drying out. |
| Adults | The adult ladybug emerges from the pupa with its characteristic round shape and vibrant colors. Adults continue to feed on aphids and reproduce. | Several Months | Provide a constant supply of aphids and supplemental food sources such as pollen and nectar. Ensure the enclosure has adequate ventilation and maintain proper temperature and humidity levels for optimal health. |
6.3. Caring for Ladybug Larvae and Ensuring Their Survival
Ladybug larvae require special care:
- Abundant Food: Provide larvae with a constant supply of aphids.
- Clean Environment: Keep the enclosure clean to prevent disease.
- Avoid Overcrowding: Ensure larvae have enough space to move and hunt.
With proper care, ladybug larvae will thrive and develop into healthy adults.
A ladybug larva, marked with distinctive black and orange patterns, diligently devours an aphid, showcasing its crucial role as a natural pest control agent.
7. Interacting with Your Ladybugs: Do’s and Don’ts
While ladybugs are low-maintenance pets, it’s important to interact with them responsibly to ensure their well-being.
7.1. Safe Handling Techniques
Handle ladybugs with care:
- Gentle Touch: Use a soft brush or leaf to gently move ladybugs.
- Avoid Squeezing: Never squeeze or crush ladybugs.
- Wash Hands: Wash your hands before and after handling ladybugs.
Always prioritize the safety and comfort of your ladybugs.
7.2. Creating a Stimulating Environment
Enrich the ladybug environment by:
- Rotating Plants: Rotate plants to provide variety and new scents.
- Adding New Decorations: Add new decorations to stimulate exploration.
- Observing Behavior: Observe ladybug behavior to identify potential issues and adjust the environment accordingly.
According to the Animal Behavior Society, environmental enrichment enhances the well-being of captive animals.
7.3. Observing Ladybug Behavior: What to Look For
Pay attention to ladybug behavior to identify potential problems:
- Activity Levels: Note any changes in activity levels, which can indicate illness or stress.
- Feeding Habits: Monitor feeding habits to ensure ladybugs are getting enough food.
- Social Interactions: Observe how ladybugs interact with each other to identify any signs of aggression or competition.
Regular observation can help you identify and address issues before they become serious.
8. Integrating Ladybugs into Your Garden Ecosystem
One of the greatest benefits of keeping ladybugs is their ability to control garden pests. Integrating ladybugs into your garden can create a balanced and healthy ecosystem.
8.1. Releasing Ladybugs into Your Garden: Best Practices
When releasing ladybugs into your garden:
- Release at Dusk: Release ladybugs at dusk to prevent them from flying away immediately.
- Mist Plants: Mist plants with water before releasing ladybugs to provide them with a drink.
- Release Near Aphid Colonies: Release ladybugs near aphid colonies to ensure they have a food source.
According to the United States Department of Agriculture, releasing ladybugs can effectively control aphid populations in gardens.
8.2. Encouraging Ladybugs to Stay: Providing Food and Shelter
Encourage ladybugs to stay in your garden by:
- Planting Ladybug-Friendly Plants: Plant flowers such as marigolds, asters, and daisies to provide pollen and nectar.
- Providing Water Sources: Offer shallow dishes of water with pebbles for ladybugs to drink.
- Avoiding Pesticides: Avoid using pesticides that can harm or kill ladybugs.
Creating a welcoming environment will encourage ladybugs to stay and reproduce in your garden.
8.3. Ladybugs as Natural Pest Control: Benefits and Limitations
Ladybugs offer numerous benefits as natural pest control agents:
- Effective Aphid Control: Ladybugs are highly effective at controlling aphid populations.
- Environmentally Friendly: Ladybugs are a natural alternative to chemical pesticides.
- Safe for Other Beneficial Insects: Ladybugs typically do not harm other beneficial insects.
However, there are also limitations:
- Limited Pest Range: Ladybugs primarily feed on aphids and may not control other pests.
- Environmental Factors: Ladybug effectiveness can be affected by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.
Despite these limitations, ladybugs are a valuable tool for natural pest control.
9. Common Challenges and Solutions in Ladybug Care
Even with careful planning, you may encounter challenges in ladybug care. Here are some common issues and their solutions:
9.1. Ladybugs Flying Away: Prevention and Solutions
Prevent ladybugs from flying away by:
- Providing Adequate Food and Water: Ensure ladybugs have access to food and water.
- Creating a Comfortable Environment: Provide a comfortable environment with proper temperature and humidity.
- Using an Escape-Proof Enclosure: Use an enclosure with a secure lid or mesh to prevent escape.
If ladybugs do fly away, try attracting them back by placing ladybug-friendly plants near the enclosure.
9.2. Addressing Infestations: Mites, Mold, and Other Pests
Address infestations by:
- Quarantining Affected Ladybugs: Quarantine any ladybugs showing signs of infestation.
- Cleaning the Enclosure: Thoroughly clean the enclosure to remove pests and mold.
- Using Natural Pest Control Methods: Use natural pest control methods such as introducing beneficial mites.
Consult with a veterinarian or entomologist for advice on treating specific infestations.
9.3. Ensuring Ladybug Survival in Different Climates
Ensure ladybug survival in different climates by:
- Adjusting Temperature and Humidity: Adjust temperature and humidity levels to suit the local climate.
- Providing Shelter: Offer plenty of shelter from extreme weather conditions.
- Acclimating Ladybugs: Acclimate ladybugs to the local climate gradually.
With proper care, ladybugs can thrive in a variety of climates.
10. Advanced Tips and Tricks for Ladybug Enthusiasts
For those looking to take their ladybug keeping to the next level, here are some advanced tips and tricks:
10.1. Creating a Bioactive Ladybug Habitat
A bioactive habitat is a self-sustaining ecosystem that includes:
- Beneficial Microorganisms: Introduce beneficial microorganisms to break down waste and maintain soil health.
- Springtails: Add springtails to control mold and fungus.
- Isopods: Include isopods to break down organic matter.
A bioactive habitat requires minimal maintenance and provides a natural environment for ladybugs.
10.2. Observing and Documenting Ladybug Behavior
Keep a journal to document ladybug behavior:
- Record Observations: Record observations about feeding habits, activity levels, and social interactions.
- Take Photos and Videos: Take photos and videos to document changes over time.
- Share Findings: Share your findings with other ladybug enthusiasts.
Observing and documenting ladybug behavior can provide valuable insights into their lives and needs.
10.3. Connecting with Other Ladybug Keepers: Online Communities and Resources
Connect with other ladybug keepers through:
- Online Forums: Join online forums to share tips and ask questions.
- Social Media Groups: Participate in social media groups dedicated to ladybug keeping.
- Local Clubs: Join local clubs or organizations for insect enthusiasts.
Connecting with other ladybug keepers can provide support, inspiration, and valuable information.
Keeping ladybugs as pets is a rewarding experience that offers both educational and environmental benefits. By following these guidelines, you can provide your ladybugs with a happy and healthy life.
For more information on ladybug care and other pet-related topics, visit pets.edu.vn. Our website offers a wealth of resources, including articles, guides, and expert advice. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced pet owner, we have something for everyone. Contact us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States, or reach out via Whatsapp at +1 555-987-6543.
We hope this comprehensive guide has inspired you to embark on the journey of ladybug keeping. Remember, responsible pet ownership is key to ensuring the well-being of your tiny companions. With the right care and attention, your ladybugs will thrive and bring joy to your life.
FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions About Keeping Ladybugs as Pets
1. Are ladybugs good pets?
Yes, ladybugs make excellent low-maintenance pets, offering educational value and natural pest control benefits. They’re quiet, don’t require much space, and can be fascinating to observe.
2. What do ladybugs need to survive in captivity?
Ladybugs need a suitable enclosure with proper ventilation, a substrate of soil and peat moss, live plants for shelter and food, a consistent supply of aphids, and a shallow dish of water. The enclosure should be kept at a temperature between 65-75°F and a humidity level of 40-50%.
3. How often do you need to feed pet ladybugs?
Pet ladybugs should be fed daily with a constant supply of aphids. Supplement their diet with pollen, nectar, or a honey-water solution to ensure they receive all the necessary nutrients.
4. How long do pet ladybugs live?
With proper care, pet ladybugs can live for several months to a year. Factors such as diet, environment, and species can affect their lifespan.
5. Can I keep ladybugs indoors?
Yes, ladybugs can be kept indoors in a suitable enclosure that mimics their natural environment. Ensure they have access to natural light, proper ventilation, and a consistent food source.
6. What is the best enclosure for keeping ladybugs?
The best enclosure for ladybugs is a terrarium or mesh cage that provides adequate ventilation, humidity control, and space for plants and decorations. DIY habitats using plastic containers or glass jars can also work, provided they are properly ventilated.
7. How do I breed ladybugs in captivity?
To breed ladybugs in captivity, create a breeding-friendly environment by maintaining ideal temperature and humidity levels, providing a constant supply of aphids, and offering plenty of plants and hiding places. Monitor the eggs, larvae, and pupae, and ensure they have adequate food and a clean environment.
8. Are ladybugs harmful to humans?
No, ladybugs are not harmful to humans. They do not bite or sting and are generally harmless. Some people may be allergic to ladybugs, but this is rare.
9. How do I prevent my pet ladybugs from flying away?
Prevent ladybugs from flying away by providing adequate food and water, creating a comfortable environment, and using an escape-proof enclosure with a secure lid or mesh. Releasing them into your garden at dusk can also help them acclimate and stay in the area.
10. What should I do if my pet ladybugs get sick?
If your pet ladybugs show signs of illness, such as sluggishness, discoloration, or lack of appetite, quarantine them immediately. Clean the enclosure thoroughly and consult with a veterinarian or entomologist for advice on treating specific conditions. Ensure they have a constant supply of food and water and maintain proper temperature and humidity levels.
