Are you wondering, “Can You Charge A Pet Fee For A Service Animal?” At PETS.EDU.VN, we understand the complexities surrounding service animal policies and pet fees, providing clear guidance to navigate these situations confidently. Understanding the legalities and ethical considerations ensures compliance and fosters positive interactions, promoting harmonious co-existence between property owners and individuals relying on these essential companions.
1. Understanding Service Animals and the Law
Service animals are more than just pets; they are indispensable partners for individuals with disabilities. These animals are specially trained to perform specific tasks that mitigate the effects of their handler’s disability. Recognizing the legal framework protecting service animals is crucial.
1.1. Defining Service Animals under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) provides comprehensive protection for individuals with disabilities and their service animals. According to the ADA, a service animal is defined as a dog that has been individually trained to do work or perform tasks for an individual with a disability. The task(s) performed by the dog must be directly related to the person’s disability. This can include guiding individuals who are blind, alerting individuals who are deaf, pulling a wheelchair, alerting and protecting a person who is having a seizure, reminding a person with mental illness to take prescribed medications, calming a person with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) during an anxiety attack, or performing other duties.
It is essential to note that the ADA provides specific protections and rights to individuals with disabilities who use service animals. Understanding these rights is critical for businesses, landlords, and other entities that interact with the public.
1.2. Types of Service Animals
While dogs are the most common type of service animal, miniature horses can also qualify under certain circumstances. It’s important to recognize the tasks these animals perform:
- Guide Dogs: Assist individuals with visual impairments by navigating obstacles and ensuring safe passage.
- Hearing Dogs: Alert individuals with hearing impairments to important sounds, such as alarms, doorbells, and telephones.
- Mobility Assistance Dogs: Help individuals with mobility limitations by performing tasks like pulling wheelchairs, retrieving objects, and providing balance support.
- Seizure Response Dogs: Assist individuals with seizure disorders by detecting the onset of a seizure, alerting others, and providing comfort and support during and after a seizure.
- Psychiatric Service Dogs: Assist individuals with mental health conditions by performing tasks such as reminding them to take medication, providing a calming presence during anxiety attacks, and preventing self-harm.
- Allergy Detection Dogs: Alert individuals with severe allergies to the presence of allergens, preventing potentially life-threatening reactions.
- Diabetic Alert Dogs: Detect changes in blood sugar levels and alert their handlers to take appropriate action.
1.3. State and Local Laws
In addition to the ADA, many states and local jurisdictions have their own laws regarding service animals. These laws may provide additional protections or definitions that are more expansive than the ADA. Some examples include:
- California: California law provides broader protections for service animals than the ADA, including allowing access to public accommodations for service animals in training.
- New York: New York law also includes protections for service animals in training and defines service animals to include those used for emotional support, although the rules regarding emotional support animals differ from those for service animals under the ADA.
- Florida: Florida law makes it a misdemeanor to misrepresent an animal as a service animal.
It’s important to familiarize yourself with the specific laws in your state and local area to ensure compliance. PETS.EDU.VN is dedicated to keeping you informed about these ever-evolving legal landscapes.
2. Pet Fees vs. Service Animal Accommodations
A critical distinction exists between pet fees and accommodations for service animals. Confusing the two can lead to legal issues and misunderstandings.
2.1. Can You Charge a Pet Fee for a Service Animal?
The answer is a resounding no. Under the ADA and most state and local laws, it is illegal to charge a pet fee or any other additional fee for a service animal. Service animals are not considered pets; they are working animals that perform essential tasks for individuals with disabilities. Charging a fee for a service animal is considered discrimination and violates the rights of the individual with a disability.
2.2. Understanding “Reasonable Accommodation”
The concept of “reasonable accommodation” is central to understanding the rights of individuals with disabilities who use service animals. A reasonable accommodation is a modification or adjustment to a policy, practice, or procedure that allows an individual with a disability to have equal access to goods, services, and facilities. In the context of service animals, this means that businesses, landlords, and other entities must make reasonable accommodations to allow service animals to accompany their handlers, even if they have a “no pets” policy.
Examples of reasonable accommodations include:
- Waiving “no pets” policies
- Allowing service animals in areas where pets are typically not allowed
- Providing accessible routes for service animals to enter and exit the premises
- Modifying existing rules or policies to accommodate the needs of service animal handlers
2.3. What Constitutes a Reasonable Request?
While businesses and landlords are required to provide reasonable accommodations, there are limitations. A request is generally considered reasonable if it does not:
- Impose an undue financial or administrative burden
- Fundamentally alter the nature of the business
- Pose a direct threat to the health or safety of others
For example, if a service animal is disruptive or aggressive, it may not be considered a reasonable accommodation to allow it to remain on the premises.
2.4. Damage Caused by Service Animals
While you cannot charge a pet fee for a service animal, you can charge the handler for any damage caused by the animal, provided you would also charge a non-disabled person for similar damage. For instance, if a service animal damages furniture in a hotel room, the hotel can charge the handler for the cost of repair or replacement, just as they would charge any other guest who caused similar damage.
However, it’s essential to document the damage and have a clear policy in place that applies to all guests, regardless of whether they have a service animal.
3. Navigating Requests for Emotional Support Animals (ESAs)
Emotional Support Animals (ESAs) present a different set of considerations compared to service animals. While ESAs provide comfort and support to their owners, they do not have the same legal protections under the ADA.
3.1. ESA vs. Service Animal: Key Differences
The primary difference between ESAs and service animals lies in their training and the tasks they perform. Service animals are trained to perform specific tasks that mitigate the effects of their handler’s disability, while ESAs provide comfort and emotional support simply by their presence. ESAs are not required to undergo any specific training.
Another key difference is the legal protection afforded to each type of animal. Service animals are protected under the ADA and have the right to accompany their handlers in most public places. ESAs, on the other hand, do not have the same level of protection under federal law.
3.2. Charging Fees for ESAs
Unlike service animals, you can typically charge a pet fee for an ESA, unless you are in a state or local jurisdiction that prohibits it. Some states, such as California and New York, have laws that require landlords to allow ESAs in housing, even if they have a “no pets” policy. In these states, landlords may not be able to charge a pet fee for an ESA.
It’s important to check the laws in your state and local area to determine whether you can charge a pet fee for an ESA.
3.3. Documenting ESA Policies
To avoid confusion and potential legal issues, it’s essential to have a clear and well-documented policy regarding ESAs. This policy should include:
- A definition of ESAs and how they differ from service animals
- Whether or not you allow ESAs
- Whether or not you charge a pet fee for ESAs
- Any restrictions or requirements for ESAs (e.g., must be well-behaved, must be leashed in public areas)
- The documentation you require from ESA owners (e.g., a letter from a licensed mental health professional)
3.4. Accommodating ESAs Responsibly
Even if you are allowed to charge a pet fee for an ESA, it’s important to treat ESA owners with respect and consideration. Remember that ESAs provide important emotional support to their owners, and denying them access or treating them unfairly can have a negative impact on their mental health.
Consider the following tips for accommodating ESAs responsibly:
- Communicate clearly and respectfully with ESA owners
- Be flexible and willing to make reasonable accommodations
- Address any concerns or issues promptly and fairly
- Treat ESA owners the same as any other guest or tenant
4. Practical Guidelines for Landlords and Business Owners
Navigating the complexities of service animal and ESA policies requires a practical approach. Here are some guidelines for landlords and business owners:
4.1. Developing a Clear Policy
A well-defined policy is your first line of defense. This policy should clearly outline your rules and procedures regarding service animals and ESAs. It should include:
- Definitions of service animals and ESAs
- Requirements for documentation (e.g., a letter from a licensed healthcare provider)
- Rules regarding behavior and control of animals
- Procedures for addressing complaints or concerns
- Information on fees and charges (if applicable)
Make sure your policy is easily accessible to all guests and tenants.
4.2. Training Staff
Educating your staff is crucial. All employees should be familiar with the ADA, as well as your company’s policies regarding service animals and ESAs. Training should cover:
- Identifying service animals and ESAs
- Understanding the rights of individuals with disabilities
- Properly interacting with service animal handlers and ESA owners
- Handling requests for accommodations
- Addressing complaints or concerns
4.3. Permissible Inquiries
Under the ADA, you are generally limited in the questions you can ask about a service animal. You can only ask two questions:
- Is the dog a service animal required because of a disability?
- What work or task has the dog been trained to perform?
You cannot ask about the person’s disability, require proof of training or certification, or ask the dog to demonstrate its ability to perform the task.
4.4. Handling Disruptive Animals
If a service animal or ESA is disruptive or aggressive, you may have grounds to ask the handler to remove the animal from the premises. However, you should first attempt to address the issue with the handler and give them an opportunity to correct the animal’s behavior. If the behavior continues, you can ask the handler to remove the animal, but you must still provide the individual with the opportunity to access your goods, services, or facilities without the animal present.
4.5. Documenting Interactions
It’s always a good idea to document any interactions you have with service animal handlers or ESA owners. This documentation should include:
- The date and time of the interaction
- The names of the individuals involved
- A summary of the conversation or events
- Any actions taken
This documentation can be helpful if you need to defend your actions in the event of a complaint or legal challenge.
5. Common Misconceptions and Myths
Several misconceptions surround service animals and ESAs. Addressing these myths can prevent misunderstandings and ensure fair treatment for individuals with disabilities.
5.1. Myth: Service Animals Must Be Certified
Fact: There is no legal requirement for service animals to be certified or registered. While some organizations offer certification or registration programs, these are not recognized or required by the ADA.
5.2. Myth: Emotional Support Animals Have the Same Rights as Service Animals
Fact: ESAs do not have the same rights as service animals under the ADA. While some states and local jurisdictions may provide additional protections for ESAs, they are not generally allowed access to public places where pets are not allowed.
5.3. Myth: Any Animal Can Be a Service Animal
Fact: Under the ADA, only dogs (and in some cases, miniature horses) can be service animals. The animal must be individually trained to perform specific tasks that mitigate the effects of the handler’s disability.
5.4. Myth: Landlords Can Always Charge a Pet Fee for ESAs
Fact: Landlords can typically charge a pet fee for ESAs, unless they are in a state or local jurisdiction that prohibits it. Some states, such as California and New York, have laws that require landlords to allow ESAs in housing without charging a fee.
5.5. Myth: Businesses Can Always Ask About a Person’s Disability
Fact: Businesses are generally prohibited from asking about a person’s disability. They can only ask limited questions about the service animal, such as whether it is required because of a disability and what tasks it has been trained to perform.
6. The Role of PETS.EDU.VN in Providing Guidance
At PETS.EDU.VN, we are committed to providing accurate, reliable, and up-to-date information on all aspects of pet ownership, including service animals and ESAs. We understand the complexities of these issues and strive to offer clear and practical guidance to help landlords, business owners, and individuals with disabilities navigate these challenges.
6.1. Resources and Articles
Our website features a wealth of resources and articles on service animals and ESAs, including:
- Detailed explanations of the ADA and other relevant laws
- Practical tips for developing service animal and ESA policies
- Guidance on handling requests for accommodations
- Information on common misconceptions and myths
- Updates on the latest legal developments
6.2. Expert Advice
We also offer access to expert advice from veterinarians, trainers, and legal professionals who can provide personalized guidance and support. Whether you have questions about service animal training, ESA documentation, or legal compliance, our experts are here to help.
6.3. Community Forum
Our community forum provides a platform for individuals to connect with others, share their experiences, and ask questions. This is a great resource for landlords, business owners, and individuals with disabilities to learn from each other and build a supportive network.
6.4. Staying Updated
We are constantly monitoring the latest legal developments and updating our resources accordingly. You can rely on PETS.EDU.VN to provide you with the most accurate and up-to-date information available.
7. Case Studies: Real-World Examples
Examining real-world case studies can provide valuable insights into the practical application of service animal and ESA laws.
7.1. Hotel Settles ADA Lawsuit
A hotel was sued by a guest with a disability who was denied access because of her service dog. The hotel had a “no pets” policy and initially refused to allow the service dog to stay in the hotel. The guest filed a lawsuit under the ADA, alleging discrimination. The hotel eventually settled the lawsuit and agreed to pay damages to the guest, as well as implement a service animal policy and train its staff on the ADA.
This case highlights the importance of understanding the ADA and having a service animal policy in place.
7.2. Landlord Fined for Denying ESA
A landlord in California was fined for denying a tenant’s request to keep an ESA in her apartment. The landlord had a “no pets” policy and refused to allow the ESA, even though the tenant had a letter from her doctor stating that the animal was necessary for her mental health. The tenant filed a complaint with the Department of Fair Employment and Housing (DFEH), which investigated the case and found that the landlord had violated California law. The landlord was fined and ordered to allow the ESA to stay in the apartment.
This case illustrates the importance of understanding state and local laws regarding ESAs.
7.3. Restaurant Faces Backlash Over Service Dog Dispute
A restaurant faced public backlash after an employee asked a customer with a service dog to leave. The employee was not familiar with the ADA and mistakenly believed that the dog was not allowed in the restaurant. The customer posted about the incident on social media, and the restaurant was flooded with negative reviews and comments. The restaurant eventually issued an apology and implemented a service animal policy.
This case demonstrates the importance of training staff on the ADA and having a plan for handling service animal disputes.
8. Best Practices for Conflict Resolution
Conflicts involving service animals and ESAs can arise despite best efforts. Here are some best practices for resolving these conflicts:
8.1. Listen and Empathize
The first step in resolving any conflict is to listen to the other person’s perspective and empathize with their situation. Try to understand their concerns and needs, and acknowledge their feelings.
8.2. Communicate Clearly and Respectfully
Communicate your own perspective clearly and respectfully. Explain your policies and procedures, and be willing to answer questions. Avoid using accusatory or confrontational language.
8.3. Seek Common Ground
Look for areas of agreement and try to find a solution that meets the needs of both parties. Be willing to compromise and make reasonable accommodations.
8.4. Document Everything
Keep a record of all interactions and agreements. This documentation can be helpful if the conflict escalates or if you need to defend your actions in the future.
8.5. Seek Mediation or Legal Advice
If you are unable to resolve the conflict on your own, consider seeking mediation or legal advice. A neutral third party can help you find a solution that is fair and equitable.
9. Staying Informed: Resources and Updates
The laws and regulations surrounding service animals and ESAs are constantly evolving. Staying informed is essential for ensuring compliance and avoiding legal issues.
9.1. Government Resources
- U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ): The DOJ is responsible for enforcing the ADA and provides a wealth of information on service animals.
- U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD): HUD enforces the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination in housing based on disability.
9.2. Advocacy Organizations
- National Disability Rights Network (NDRN): The NDRN is a non-profit organization that advocates for the rights of individuals with disabilities.
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA): The ASPCA provides resources and information on animal welfare issues, including service animals.
9.3. Professional Organizations
- American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): The AVMA provides resources and information for veterinarians on service animals and ESAs.
- Association of Service Dog Providers for Military Veterans: This association sets standards for service dog training and provides resources for veterans with disabilities.
9.4. PETS.EDU.VN Updates
Stay connected with PETS.EDU.VN for the latest updates on service animal and ESA laws and regulations. We are committed to providing you with the most accurate and up-to-date information available.
10. Conclusion: Promoting Inclusivity and Understanding
Understanding the legal and ethical considerations surrounding service animals and ESAs is essential for promoting inclusivity and understanding. By educating ourselves, developing clear policies, and treating individuals with disabilities with respect and compassion, we can create a more welcoming and accessible world for everyone.
Remember, service animals are not pets; they are working animals that perform essential tasks for individuals with disabilities. Charging a pet fee for a service animal is illegal and discriminatory. ESAs, on the other hand, may be subject to pet fees, depending on state and local laws.
At PETS.EDU.VN, we are committed to providing you with the resources and information you need to navigate these complex issues. Visit our website today to learn more and connect with our community of experts and advocates.
For further assistance and information, please contact us at:
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Website: PETS.EDU.VN
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FAQ: Charging Pet Fees for Service Animals
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Can a landlord charge a pet fee for a service animal in an apartment complex?
No, charging a pet fee for a service animal is illegal under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Service animals are working animals, not pets, and are exempt from pet fees. -
What is the difference between a service animal and an emotional support animal (ESA)?
A service animal is trained to perform specific tasks for a person with a disability, while an ESA provides comfort and emotional support but is not trained to perform specific tasks. Service animals have broader legal protections under the ADA. -
Are there any exceptions to the rule that pet fees cannot be charged for service animals?
There are no exceptions. You cannot charge a pet fee for a service animal; they are working animals, not pets.
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If a service animal damages property, can the owner be charged for the damages?
Yes, the owner can be charged for damages caused by the service animal if it’s standard practice to charge for similar damage caused by anyone.
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What questions can a landlord legally ask about a service animal?
A landlord can only ask if the dog is a service animal required because of a disability and what work or task the dog has been trained to perform. -
Can a business deny entry to a person with a service animal if the animal is not wearing a vest or harness?
No, a business cannot deny entry solely because the service animal is not wearing a vest or harness. These are not required for a dog to be considered a service animal. -
What documentation is required to prove that an animal is a service animal?
No documentation is required. A business or landlord can only ask the two permissible questions mentioned earlier. -
Can a landlord or business require a service animal to be certified or registered?
No, they cannot. There is no legal requirement for service animals to be certified or registered. -
Can a pet fee be charged for an emotional support animal (ESA)?
Yes, in many cases, a pet fee can be charged for an ESA, as ESAs do not have the same protections as service animals under the ADA, though some states have differing laws. -
What should a landlord or business do if a service animal is disruptive or aggressive?
The landlord or business should first address the issue with the handler. If the behavior continues, they can ask for the animal to be removed but must still provide the individual with the opportunity to access goods, services, or facilities without the animal present.
11. The Ethical Considerations
Beyond the legal aspects, ethical considerations play a vital role in how we interact with individuals who rely on service animals. It is essential to approach these situations with empathy, understanding, and a commitment to inclusivity.
11.1. Respecting the Independence of Handlers
Service animals enable people with disabilities to live more independently. When interacting with a handler and their service animal, it’s crucial to respect their autonomy. Avoid unnecessary interactions with the animal, such as petting or distracting it, as this can interfere with its ability to perform its tasks.
11.2. Avoiding Assumptions
Refrain from making assumptions about a person’s disability or the tasks their service animal performs. Each individual’s needs and circumstances are unique, and it’s essential to respect their privacy and dignity.
11.3. Promoting Awareness and Education
Take the initiative to educate yourself and others about service animals and the rights of individuals with disabilities. By raising awareness and promoting understanding, we can create a more inclusive and welcoming society for everyone.
11.4. Supporting Service Animal Organizations
Consider supporting organizations that train and provide service animals to individuals in need. These organizations play a vital role in empowering people with disabilities and enhancing their quality of life.
12. Analyzing Regional Differences in Service Animal Laws
Service animal regulations can vary significantly by region, adding another layer of complexity for landlords and business owners. Understanding these differences is crucial for ensuring compliance and avoiding potential legal issues.
12.1. State-Specific Regulations
Many states have laws that expand upon the ADA, offering additional protections for service animals and their handlers. For instance, some states include service animals in training under their protection, while others have specific regulations regarding emotional support animals.
12.1.1. California
California law provides broader protections for service animals than the ADA. It includes service animals in training and defines service animals more inclusively. Landlords and businesses in California must be particularly cautious to adhere to these expanded protections.
12.1.2. New York
New York law also provides additional protections for service animals, including those in training. Additionally, New York law addresses emotional support animals, though their rights and the requirements for accommodation differ from those of service animals.
12.1.3. Florida
Florida law makes it a misdemeanor to misrepresent an animal as a service animal, highlighting the state’s commitment to preventing abuse of service animal privileges. This law adds another layer of scrutiny for individuals claiming their animals are service animals.
12.2. Local Ordinances
In addition to state laws, local ordinances can also impact service animal regulations. Cities and counties may have their own specific rules regarding access to public accommodations, housing, and other services. Landlords and business owners should consult with their local authorities to ensure they are in compliance with all applicable regulations.
12.3. International Variations
Service animal laws can vary dramatically from country to country. For instance, some countries have strict certification requirements for service animals, while others have more lenient regulations. Business owners and landlords operating internationally must familiarize themselves with the laws in each jurisdiction.
13. The Impact of Technology on Service Animal Training and Assistance
Technology is playing an increasingly significant role in service animal training and assistance, enhancing their capabilities and expanding their impact on the lives of people with disabilities.
13.1. Advanced Training Techniques
Technological advancements have led to more sophisticated training techniques for service animals. Electronic devices, such as remote-controlled treat dispensers and wearable sensors, are used to reinforce desired behaviors and track the animal’s performance.
13.1.1. Wearable Technology
Wearable technology, such as GPS trackers and health monitors, allows handlers to keep track of their service animals’ location and monitor their vital signs. This can be particularly useful for individuals with mobility impairments or cognitive disabilities.
13.1.2. Virtual Reality Training
Virtual reality (VR) is being used to simulate real-world scenarios and train service animals to respond appropriately in different environments. This can help prepare them for situations they may encounter in their daily lives, such as navigating crowded streets or riding public transportation.
13.2. Assistive Technology
Assistive technology is also enhancing the capabilities of service animals. Electronic devices, such as automated medication dispensers and communication devices, can be integrated into the animal’s tasks to provide more comprehensive support.
13.2.1. Automated Medication Dispensers
Service animals can be trained to operate automated medication dispensers, ensuring their handlers take their medications on time and as prescribed. This can be particularly helpful for individuals with memory impairments or chronic illnesses.
13.2.2. Communication Devices
Service animals can be trained to use communication devices to alert others in case of an emergency. This can be particularly useful for individuals with speech impairments or those who are prone to seizures or other medical events.
13.3. Telehealth and Remote Monitoring
Telehealth and remote monitoring technologies are enabling veterinarians and trainers to provide ongoing support and guidance to service animal handlers from a distance. This can be particularly useful for individuals living in rural areas or those who have difficulty accessing in-person care.
13.3.1. Video Consultations
Video consultations allow veterinarians to assess the health and well-being of service animals remotely. This can help identify potential problems early on and prevent them from escalating.
13.3.2. Remote Training Sessions
Remote training sessions allow trainers to provide ongoing support and guidance to service animal handlers, even when they are unable to meet in person. This can help reinforce training techniques and address any challenges that may arise.
14. Ethical Considerations in Service Animal Ownership and Use
Beyond the legal requirements, ethical considerations play a significant role in responsible service animal ownership and use. Ensuring the animal’s well-being, respecting public spaces, and maintaining professional standards are paramount.
14.1. Animal Welfare
The well-being of the service animal should always be a top priority. This includes providing proper nutrition, veterinary care, exercise, and mental stimulation. Handlers should also be mindful of the animal’s stress levels and avoid exposing them to situations that may cause undue anxiety or fear.
14.1.1. Nutrition
Service animals require a balanced diet to maintain their health and energy levels. Handlers should consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate food and portion sizes for their animal.
14.1.2. Veterinary Care
Regular veterinary checkups are essential for preventing and detecting health problems. Handlers should also ensure their service animals are vaccinated and protected against parasites.
14.1.3. Exercise
Service animals need regular exercise to stay physically and mentally fit. Handlers should provide opportunities for their animals to run, play, and explore their surroundings.
14.1.4. Mental Stimulation
Service animals also need mental stimulation to prevent boredom and cognitive decline. Handlers can provide this through training exercises, puzzle toys, and social interaction.
14.2. Public Etiquette
Handlers have a responsibility to ensure their service animals behave appropriately in public spaces. This includes keeping them under control, preventing them from barking or jumping on people, and cleaning up after them.
14.2.1. Leash Control
Service animals should always be kept on a leash or harness, unless it interferes with their ability to perform their tasks. Handlers should maintain control of the leash at all times and prevent their animals from wandering off or approaching other people without permission.
14.2.2. Barking and Jumping
Service animals should be trained not to bark or jump on people, unless it is necessary for their tasks. Handlers should correct any inappropriate behavior and take steps to prevent it from happening again.
14.2.3. Waste Disposal
Handlers are responsible for cleaning up after their service animals and disposing of waste properly. This includes carrying waste bags and disposing of them in designated receptacles.
14.3. Professional Standards
Handlers who use service animals in professional settings should adhere to the highest standards of conduct. This includes respecting the rights of others, maintaining confidentiality, and avoiding conflicts of interest.
14.3.1. Confidentiality
Handlers should be mindful of the confidential information they may encounter in their work and avoid sharing it with others. This includes information about their clients, patients, or colleagues.
14.3.2. Conflicts of Interest
Handlers should avoid situations where their personal interests may conflict with their professional responsibilities. This includes accepting gifts or favors from clients or patients.
