Are Patterdale Terriers Good Pets? What You Need To Know

Are Patterdale Terriers Good Pets? Absolutely, Patterdale Terriers can be wonderful companions, known for their loyalty, intelligence, and affectionate nature, especially when properly trained and socialized. At PETS.EDU.VN, we understand the importance of finding the right pet for your lifestyle; Patterdales, with their energy and zest for life, require a dedicated owner who can provide them with ample exercise and mental stimulation. Dive deeper with us to explore if a Patterdale Terrier is the perfect addition to your family, uncovering the traits that make them unique, manageable behaviors, and the joys of Patterdale ownership, ensuring a harmonious fit for both you and your new furry friend.

1. Understanding the Patterdale Terrier Breed

The Patterdale Terrier, originating from the rugged fells of Northern England, is a breed known for its tenacity, courage, and intelligence. Bred to hunt foxes and other vermin, Patterdales possess a strong prey drive and boundless energy. These traits, while valuable in their original purpose, also influence their suitability as family pets.

  • History and Purpose: Patterdales were developed in the Lake District of England, specifically for hunting foxes. Their compact size, agility, and fearlessness made them ideal for navigating the rocky terrain and pursuing prey into tight spaces.
  • Physical Characteristics: Patterdales are small to medium-sized dogs, typically weighing between 11 to 13 pounds and standing 10 to 15 inches tall. They have a muscular build, a broad head, and a scissor bite. Their coats come in a variety of colors, including black, red, chocolate, and bronze, and can be smooth, broken, or rough.
  • Temperament: Patterdales are known for their intelligence, confidence, and independence. They are also incredibly loyal and affectionate towards their families. However, their strong prey drive and high energy levels require a dedicated owner who can provide them with proper training, socialization, and exercise.

2. Are Patterdale Terriers Good Pets: A Comprehensive Overview

So, are Patterdale Terriers good pets? The answer isn’t a straightforward yes or no. While they can make wonderful companions for the right owner, Patterdales are not the right fit for everyone. Let’s delve into the pros and cons of owning a Patterdale Terrier to help you make an informed decision.

2.1. The Pros of Owning a Patterdale Terrier

  • Loyalty and Affection: Patterdales are fiercely loyal to their families and form strong bonds with their owners. They are known for their affectionate nature and enjoy cuddling and spending time with their loved ones.
  • Intelligence and Trainability: Patterdales are intelligent dogs who are eager to please. They excel in obedience training and can learn a wide variety of commands and tricks. However, their independent nature can sometimes make them stubborn, requiring patience and consistency during training sessions.
  • Energy and Playfulness: Patterdales are energetic dogs who love to play and explore. They enjoy a variety of activities, such as hiking, swimming, fetching, and playing tug-of-war. Their playful nature makes them great companions for active individuals and families.
  • Alertness and Protection: Patterdales are naturally alert and protective of their homes and families. They make excellent watchdogs and will bark to alert you of any potential threats. However, their barking can become excessive if not properly managed.
  • Adaptability: Patterdales can adapt to a variety of living situations, as long as they receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation. They can thrive in apartments, townhouses, or houses with yards.

2.2. The Cons of Owning a Patterdale Terrier

  • High Energy Levels: Patterdales require a significant amount of exercise to stay happy and healthy. They need at least one to two hours of vigorous exercise per day, such as running, hiking, or playing fetch. If their energy needs are not met, they can become bored and destructive.
  • Strong Prey Drive: Patterdales have a strong prey drive, which means they have a natural instinct to chase and hunt small animals. This can make it difficult to keep them safe around cats, rabbits, and other small pets. It is essential to train them to control their prey drive and to always keep them on a leash in areas where small animals are present.
  • Independent Nature: Patterdales are independent dogs who can be stubborn and challenging to train. They require a firm and consistent hand during training sessions. Owners must be patient and willing to use positive reinforcement techniques to motivate them.
  • Potential for Barking: Patterdales are prone to barking, especially when bored or left alone for long periods of time. Excessive barking can be a nuisance to neighbors and can be difficult to manage. Training and providing adequate mental stimulation can help to reduce barking.
  • Potential for Digging: Patterdales have a natural instinct to dig, which can be a problem for gardeners. They may dig in flowerbeds, lawns, and other areas of the yard. Providing them with a designated digging area can help to redirect their digging behavior.

3. Determining If a Patterdale Terrier Is Right for You

Before bringing a Patterdale Terrier into your home, it is crucial to carefully consider whether you can meet their needs. Ask yourself the following questions:

  • Do I have the time to provide a Patterdale with adequate exercise and mental stimulation? Patterdales require a significant time commitment for exercise, training, and socialization.
  • Am I prepared to deal with a dog who has a strong prey drive? Patterdales may not be suitable for homes with small pets.
  • Am I patient and consistent enough to train a Patterdale? Patterdales can be stubborn and require a firm hand during training sessions.
  • Can I provide a Patterdale with a safe and secure environment? Patterdales are escape artists and require a fenced yard or leash to prevent them from running off.
  • Am I willing to commit to a Patterdale for the rest of its life? Patterdales can live for 12 to 15 years or more.

If you can answer “yes” to all of these questions, then a Patterdale Terrier may be a good fit for you.

4. Understanding the Patterdale Terrier’s Temperament and Behavior

To truly assess whether a Patterdale Terrier is the right pet for you, it’s essential to understand their temperament and behavior patterns. This breed boasts a unique blend of traits that can be both endearing and challenging.

4.1. Key Temperament Traits

  • Courageous: Patterdales are known for their fearless nature. Originally bred for hunting, they exhibit a remarkable level of bravery, often undeterred by larger animals or challenging terrains.
  • Intelligent: This breed is highly intelligent, which contributes to their trainability. However, their intelligence also means they require mental stimulation to prevent boredom and potential behavioral issues.
  • Independent: Patterdales possess an independent streak, making them capable of making decisions on their own. This can be advantageous in certain situations, but it also requires consistent training to ensure they follow commands.
  • Loyal: Despite their independence, Patterdales are incredibly loyal to their families. They form strong bonds with their owners and are always eager to please.
  • Energetic: Patterdales are bursting with energy and require regular exercise to stay happy and healthy. They thrive in active households where they can run, play, and explore.

4.2. Common Behavioral Patterns

  • Hunting Instincts: Due to their breeding history, Patterdales have strong hunting instincts. This can manifest as a tendency to chase small animals, dig, and explore burrows.
  • Vocalization: Patterdales are known to be vocal dogs. They may bark to alert their owners of strangers, to express excitement, or to communicate their needs.
  • Territoriality: This breed can be territorial, especially towards other dogs. Early socialization is crucial to help them develop positive relationships with other animals.
  • Destructive Behavior: If Patterdales are not provided with adequate exercise and mental stimulation, they may resort to destructive behavior, such as chewing furniture or digging.
  • Separation Anxiety: Some Patterdales may experience separation anxiety when left alone for extended periods. This can lead to excessive barking, destructive behavior, and other stress-related symptoms.

4.3. Addressing Potential Behavioral Challenges

Understanding the potential behavioral challenges associated with Patterdales is crucial for responsible ownership. Here are some strategies for addressing these issues:

  • Early Socialization: Expose your Patterdale to a variety of people, dogs, and environments from a young age to help them develop into well-adjusted adults.
  • Consistent Training: Enroll your Patterdale in obedience classes and practice commands regularly to establish clear boundaries and expectations.
  • Adequate Exercise: Provide your Patterdale with plenty of opportunities to run, play, and explore. This will help to burn off excess energy and reduce the likelihood of destructive behavior.
  • Mental Stimulation: Keep your Patterdale mentally engaged with puzzle toys, training games, and interactive activities.
  • Professional Guidance: If you are struggling to manage your Patterdale’s behavior, consult with a certified dog trainer or behaviorist for personalized guidance.

By understanding and addressing the potential behavioral challenges associated with Patterdales, you can create a harmonious and fulfilling relationship with your furry friend.

5. Training and Socialization Needs of Patterdale Terriers

Training and socialization are paramount for Patterdale Terriers, given their intelligence, energy, and strong-willed nature. Early and consistent training and socialization can help to mold them into well-behaved and enjoyable companions.

5.1. Importance of Early Socialization

  • Exposure to Various Stimuli: Expose your Patterdale puppy to a wide range of sights, sounds, people, and other animals from a young age. This will help them to develop into confident and well-adjusted adults.
  • Positive Experiences: Ensure that your Patterdale puppy has positive experiences during socialization. Avoid overwhelming them with too much too soon, and always supervise interactions with other dogs and people.
  • Enroll in Puppy Classes: Puppy classes provide a structured environment for socialization and basic training. They also offer an opportunity for your Patterdale puppy to interact with other puppies in a safe and controlled setting.

5.2. Effective Training Techniques

  • Positive Reinforcement: Patterdales respond well to positive reinforcement techniques, such as rewarding desired behaviors with treats, praise, or toys. Avoid using punishment-based methods, as these can damage your relationship with your dog and lead to behavioral problems.
  • Consistency: Consistency is key when training a Patterdale. Use the same commands and expectations every time, and be consistent with your rules and boundaries.
  • Short Training Sessions: Keep training sessions short and engaging to maintain your Patterdale’s attention. Aim for 10-15 minute sessions, several times a day.
  • Focus on Basic Obedience: Start with basic obedience commands, such as sit, stay, come, and down. Once your Patterdale has mastered these commands, you can move on to more advanced training.

5.3. Addressing Specific Training Challenges

  • Recall: Patterdales have a strong prey drive, which can make recall challenging. Start training recall in a safe and enclosed area, and use high-value rewards to motivate your dog to come when called.
  • Leash Manners: Patterdales can be prone to pulling on the leash. Train them to walk politely on a leash using positive reinforcement techniques.
  • Barking: Patterdales are naturally vocal dogs, but excessive barking can be a nuisance. Train them to bark on command, and then teach them a “quiet” command.
  • Digging: Patterdales have a natural instinct to dig. Provide them with a designated digging area in your yard to redirect their digging behavior.

By investing in early socialization and consistent training, you can help your Patterdale Terrier reach their full potential as a well-behaved and loving companion.

6. Exercise and Activity Requirements for Patterdale Terriers

Patterdale Terriers are high-energy dogs who require a significant amount of exercise to stay happy and healthy. Meeting their exercise needs is crucial for preventing boredom, destructive behavior, and other health problems.

6.1. Daily Exercise Needs

  • Minimum of One to Two Hours of Exercise: Patterdales need at least one to two hours of vigorous exercise per day. This can include running, hiking, swimming, playing fetch, or participating in dog sports.
  • Variety of Activities: Provide your Patterdale with a variety of activities to keep them mentally and physically stimulated. Rotate between different types of exercise to prevent boredom.
  • Mental Stimulation: Don’t forget about mental stimulation. Puzzle toys, training games, and interactive activities can help to keep your Patterdale’s mind sharp and prevent boredom.

6.2. Exercise Ideas for Patterdale Terriers

  • Hiking: Patterdales are excellent hiking companions. They have the stamina and agility to navigate challenging terrain.
  • Running: Patterdales love to run. Take them for a run in the park or on a trail.
  • Swimming: Patterdales are generally good swimmers. Take them to a lake or pool for a swim.
  • Fetching: Patterdales love to fetch. Play fetch with them in the park or in your backyard.
  • Dog Sports: Patterdales excel in dog sports, such as agility, flyball, and lure coursing.

6.3. Adapting Exercise to Different Lifestyles

  • Apartment Living: If you live in an apartment, you will need to be extra diligent about providing your Patterdale with adequate exercise. Take them for long walks or runs several times a day, and provide them with plenty of opportunities to play indoors.
  • Busy Schedules: If you have a busy schedule, consider hiring a dog walker or enrolling your Patterdale in doggy daycare. This will ensure that they get the exercise they need, even when you are not available.
  • Weather Considerations: Adjust your Patterdale’s exercise routine to accommodate different weather conditions. In hot weather, avoid exercising them during the hottest part of the day and provide them with plenty of water. In cold weather, protect them from the elements with a coat or sweater.

By providing your Patterdale Terrier with adequate exercise and mental stimulation, you can help them to live a long, happy, and healthy life.

7. Grooming Requirements for Patterdale Terriers

Grooming is an essential aspect of caring for a Patterdale Terrier, helping to maintain their coat, skin, and overall health. While Patterdales are relatively low-maintenance in terms of grooming, regular attention is still necessary.

7.1. Coat Types and Grooming Needs

  • Smooth Coat: Smooth-coated Patterdales have short, dense fur that lies close to the body. They require minimal grooming, typically a weekly brushing to remove loose hair.
  • Broken Coat: Broken-coated Patterdales have a slightly longer, coarser coat with a wiry texture. They require more frequent brushing, typically two to three times per week, to prevent matting.
  • Rough Coat: Rough-coated Patterdales have a long, thick, wiry coat. They require the most grooming, typically daily brushing to prevent matting and tangles.

7.2. Essential Grooming Practices

  • Brushing: Regular brushing helps to remove loose hair, dirt, and debris from your Patterdale’s coat. It also helps to stimulate blood circulation and distribute natural oils, keeping their coat healthy and shiny.
  • Bathing: Patterdales only need to be bathed when they are dirty or have a strong odor. Over-bathing can strip their coat of its natural oils, leading to dryness and irritation. Use a mild, dog-specific shampoo when bathing your Patterdale.
  • Nail Trimming: Trim your Patterdale’s nails regularly to prevent them from becoming overgrown. Overgrown nails can be painful and can lead to foot problems.
  • Ear Cleaning: Clean your Patterdale’s ears regularly to prevent ear infections. Use a dog-specific ear cleaner and gently wipe the inside of their ears with a cotton ball.
  • Dental Care: Brush your Patterdale’s teeth regularly to prevent dental disease. Use a dog-specific toothbrush and toothpaste.

7.3. Professional Grooming Services

  • When to Seek Professional Help: If you are unsure about how to groom your Patterdale, or if they have a particularly challenging coat, consider seeking professional grooming services.
  • Finding a Reputable Groomer: Look for a reputable groomer who has experience with Patterdale Terriers. Ask for recommendations from other Patterdale owners or your veterinarian.
  • Benefits of Professional Grooming: Professional groomers can provide a variety of services, such as bathing, brushing, nail trimming, ear cleaning, and coat trimming. They can also identify potential health problems, such as skin infections or parasites.

By following these grooming tips, you can help your Patterdale Terrier look and feel their best.

8. Common Health Concerns in Patterdale Terriers

While Patterdale Terriers are generally healthy dogs, they are prone to certain health conditions. Understanding these potential health concerns can help you to provide your Patterdale with the best possible care.

8.1. Genetic Predispositions

  • Hip Dysplasia: Hip dysplasia is a condition in which the hip joint does not develop properly, leading to pain and lameness.
  • Elbow Dysplasia: Elbow dysplasia is a similar condition that affects the elbow joint.
  • Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease: Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a condition in which the head of the femur (thigh bone) deteriorates, leading to pain and lameness.
  • Lens Luxation: Lens luxation is a condition in which the lens of the eye becomes displaced, leading to vision problems.

8.2. Other Health Issues

  • Allergies: Patterdales can be prone to allergies, which can cause skin problems, ear infections, and digestive issues.
  • Obesity: Patterdales can easily become overweight if they are not fed a proper diet and given enough exercise.
  • Dental Disease: Dental disease is a common problem in dogs, and Patterdales are no exception.
  • Ear Infections: Patterdales are prone to ear infections due to their floppy ears.

8.3. Preventative Care and Early Detection

  • Regular Veterinary Checkups: Take your Patterdale to the veterinarian for regular checkups. This will help to detect any potential health problems early on.
  • Proper Diet and Exercise: Feed your Patterdale a high-quality diet and provide them with plenty of exercise to help them maintain a healthy weight.
  • Dental Hygiene: Brush your Patterdale’s teeth regularly to prevent dental disease.
  • Ear Cleaning: Clean your Patterdale’s ears regularly to prevent ear infections.
  • Genetic Testing: Consider genetic testing to screen for potential genetic predispositions.

By being proactive about your Patterdale’s health, you can help them to live a long and healthy life.

9. Finding a Reputable Patterdale Terrier Breeder or Rescue

If you’ve decided that a Patterdale Terrier is the right pet for you, the next step is to find a reputable breeder or rescue organization. This will help ensure that you get a healthy and well-adjusted puppy or adult dog.

9.1. Choosing a Reputable Breeder

  • Research: Research different Patterdale Terrier breeders in your area or online.
  • Visit the Breeder: Visit the breeder’s facilities to see how they raise their puppies.
  • Ask Questions: Ask the breeder questions about their breeding practices, health testing, and socialization methods.
  • Meet the Parents: Meet the parents of the puppies to get an idea of their temperament and health.
  • Health Guarantee: Ask for a health guarantee that covers any potential genetic health problems.

9.2. Adopting from a Rescue Organization

  • Search Online: Search online for Patterdale Terrier rescue organizations in your area.
  • Visit the Rescue: Visit the rescue organization to meet the dogs they have available for adoption.
  • Talk to the Staff: Talk to the staff about the dogs’ temperaments, health, and history.
  • Adoption Application: Fill out an adoption application and be prepared to answer questions about your lifestyle and experience with dogs.
  • Adoption Fee: Pay an adoption fee to help cover the rescue organization’s costs.

9.3. Red Flags to Watch Out For

  • Breeders who are unwilling to show you their facilities.
  • Breeders who do not health test their dogs.
  • Breeders who are unwilling to answer your questions.
  • Breeders who sell puppies at a very low price.
  • Rescue organizations that do not screen potential adopters.

By taking the time to find a reputable breeder or rescue organization, you can increase your chances of getting a healthy and well-adjusted Patterdale Terrier.

10. The Joys and Challenges of Owning a Patterdale Terrier: Real-Life Experiences

To provide a balanced perspective, let’s explore the real-life experiences of Patterdale Terrier owners, highlighting both the joys and challenges of sharing their lives with these unique dogs.

10.1. The Joys of Patterdale Ownership

  • Unconditional Love and Companionship: Patterdales are incredibly loyal and affectionate dogs who form strong bonds with their families. They provide unconditional love and companionship, making them wonderful additions to any household.
  • Endless Entertainment: Patterdales are playful and energetic dogs who provide endless entertainment. They love to play fetch, go for walks, and explore new environments.
  • Intelligence and Trainability: Patterdales are intelligent dogs who are eager to please, making them relatively easy to train. They can learn a wide variety of commands and tricks.
  • Alertness and Protection: Patterdales are naturally alert and protective of their homes and families. They make excellent watchdogs and will bark to alert you of any potential threats.
  • Adaptability: Patterdales can adapt to a variety of living situations, as long as they receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation. They can thrive in apartments, townhouses, or houses with yards.

10.2. The Challenges of Patterdale Ownership

  • High Energy Levels: Patterdales require a significant amount of exercise to stay happy and healthy. They need at least one to two hours of vigorous exercise per day.
  • Strong Prey Drive: Patterdales have a strong prey drive, which means they have a natural instinct to chase and hunt small animals.
  • Independent Nature: Patterdales are independent dogs who can be stubborn and challenging to train.
  • Potential for Barking: Patterdales are prone to barking, especially when bored or left alone for long periods of time.
  • Potential for Digging: Patterdales have a natural instinct to dig, which can be a problem for gardeners.

10.3. Tips for Overcoming Challenges

  • Provide Adequate Exercise: Make sure your Patterdale gets plenty of exercise to prevent boredom and destructive behavior.
  • Train and Socialize Early: Start training and socializing your Patterdale from a young age to help them develop into well-adjusted adults.
  • Be Consistent: Be consistent with your rules and boundaries to avoid confusion.
  • Use Positive Reinforcement: Use positive reinforcement techniques, such as rewarding desired behaviors with treats, praise, or toys.
  • Seek Professional Help: If you are struggling to manage your Patterdale’s behavior, consult with a certified dog trainer or behaviorist for personalized guidance.

By understanding both the joys and challenges of owning a Patterdale Terrier, you can be better prepared to provide them with the love, care, and attention they need to thrive.

11. Patterdale Terrier FAQs

11.1. Are Patterdale Terriers good with children?

Patterdale Terriers can be good with children, especially if they are raised together from a young age. However, it’s crucial to supervise interactions between Patterdales and young children, as Patterdales can be possessive of their toys and food.

11.2. Do Patterdale Terriers get along with other dogs?

Patterdale Terriers can be territorial and may not always get along with other dogs, especially those of the same sex. Early socialization is essential to help them develop positive relationships with other dogs.

11.3. How much do Patterdale Terriers cost?

The cost of a Patterdale Terrier puppy can vary depending on the breeder, location, and lineage. Generally, you can expect to pay between $500 and $1500 for a Patterdale Terrier puppy from a reputable breeder. Adoption fees from rescue organizations are typically lower, ranging from $100 to $300.

11.4. How long do Patterdale Terriers live?

Patterdale Terriers typically live for 12 to 15 years or more.

11.5. Are Patterdale Terriers hypoallergenic?

No, Patterdale Terriers are not hypoallergenic. They shed moderately, and their dander can trigger allergies in sensitive individuals.

11.6. Do Patterdale Terriers bark a lot?

Patterdale Terriers are known to be vocal dogs and may bark to alert their owners of strangers, to express excitement, or to communicate their needs. Training and providing adequate mental stimulation can help to reduce excessive barking.

11.7. Are Patterdale Terriers easy to train?

Patterdale Terriers are intelligent dogs who are eager to please, but their independent nature can make them stubborn and challenging to train. Consistency and positive reinforcement techniques are essential for success.

11.8. Do Patterdale Terriers need a lot of grooming?

Patterdale Terriers have relatively low grooming needs. Regular brushing, nail trimming, ear cleaning, and dental care are essential, but they do not require frequent baths or professional grooming services.

11.9. Are Patterdale Terriers good apartment dogs?

Patterdale Terriers can adapt to apartment living as long as they receive adequate exercise and mental stimulation. Daily walks, runs, and interactive playtime are crucial for preventing boredom and destructive behavior.

11.10. What is the best food for Patterdale Terriers?

The best food for Patterdale Terriers is a high-quality, balanced dog food that is appropriate for their age, activity level, and health condition. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the best food for your individual dog.

12. Resources for Patterdale Terrier Owners

To further assist you in your journey as a Patterdale Terrier owner, here are some valuable resources:

12.1. Online Communities and Forums

  • Patterdale Terrier Owners Group: A Facebook group dedicated to Patterdale Terrier owners, providing a platform for sharing tips, advice, and experiences.
  • Patterdale Terrier Club of America: The official website of the Patterdale Terrier Club of America, offering information about the breed, events, and resources for owners.
  • Dog Forums: Online forums dedicated to all dog breeds, including Patterdale Terriers, where you can ask questions and connect with other dog owners.

12.2. Books and Guides

  • The Patterdale Terrier Handbook: A comprehensive guide to Patterdale Terrier ownership, covering everything from history and temperament to training and health.
  • Training Your Terrier: A guide to training terrier breeds, including Patterdale Terriers, with tips on basic obedience, socialization, and addressing common behavioral problems.
  • Dog Owner’s Home Veterinary Handbook: A resource for diagnosing and treating common dog health problems at home, with information specific to Patterdale Terriers.

12.3. Professional Services

  • Veterinarians: Regular veterinary checkups are essential for maintaining your Patterdale Terrier’s health.
  • Dog Trainers: Certified dog trainers can provide personalized guidance on training and socialization.
  • Dog Behaviorists: Dog behaviorists can help to address more complex behavioral problems, such as aggression or anxiety.
  • Groomers: Professional groomers can provide a variety of grooming services, such as bathing, brushing, nail trimming, and ear cleaning.

By utilizing these resources, you can gain valuable knowledge and support to help you provide the best possible care for your Patterdale Terrier.

Owning a Patterdale Terrier can be a rewarding experience for the right owner. These dogs are intelligent, loyal, and full of personality. However, they also require a significant time commitment for exercise, training, and socialization. At PETS.EDU.VN, we are dedicated to offering comprehensive information and resources to ensure you’re well-prepared for pet ownership.

Ready to dive deeper and ensure a perfect match with a Patterdale Terrier or explore other breeds? Visit PETS.EDU.VN for detailed guides, expert advice, and a supportive community. Whether it’s understanding temperament nuances, training tips, or health insights, we provide the expertise to help you make informed decisions. Plus, discover our curated directory of trusted local pet services to support your pet’s well-being. For personalized advice and to connect with fellow pet enthusiasts, reach out to us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States. Whatsapp: +1 555-987-6543 or visit our website PETS.EDU.VN. Let pets.edu.vn be your partner in creating a happy, healthy life for you and your furry friend. Together, we can build a stronger, more informed pet-loving community.

Keywords: Patterdale Terrier, dog breed, pet ownership, dog training, dog health.

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