Do Gorillas Make Good Pets? Certainly not. Owning a gorilla is fraught with danger, and at PETS.EDU.VN, we believe in responsible pet ownership. Learn why these wild animals pose significant risks and discover suitable companions for your home. Consider domesticated animals instead of exotic wildlife.
1. The Harsh Reality: Why Gorillas Don’t Make Good Pets
Gorillas are magnificent creatures, undeniably. Their strength, intelligence, and complex social structures capture our imagination, leading some to wonder, “Do gorillas make good pets?” The simple, unwavering answer is no. Gorillas are not suitable pets for numerous compelling reasons, primarily rooted in their wild nature, immense physical capabilities, and intricate behavioral needs. Keeping a gorilla as a pet poses substantial risks to both the animal and the humans involved, and it’s essential to understand the profound implications of such a decision.
1.1. The Immense Physical Strength and Unpredictability of Gorillas
Gorillas possess extraordinary physical strength. An adult male gorilla, known as a silverback, can weigh between 300 and 500 pounds and exhibit strength far exceeding that of an average human. This sheer power makes them incredibly dangerous, even if they don’t intend to cause harm. A playful swat from a gorilla could result in serious injury, and their natural instincts, which can be unpredictable, may lead to aggressive behavior if they feel threatened or stressed.
1.2. Gorillas’ Complex Social Needs and Behavioral Challenges
Gorillas are social animals that thrive in complex social structures within their natural habitat. They require interaction with their own kind to develop and maintain healthy behaviors. Isolating a gorilla in a domestic environment deprives it of these crucial social interactions, leading to psychological distress, abnormal behaviors, and potentially aggressive tendencies. Zoos and sanctuaries with specialized expertise can provide the appropriate social environment, but a typical home cannot replicate the necessary conditions for a gorilla to thrive.
1.3. The Dangers of Zoonotic Diseases
Keeping gorillas as pets presents a significant risk of zoonotic diseases, which can be transmitted between animals and humans. Gorillas are susceptible to various diseases that can also affect humans, such as respiratory illnesses, parasites, and even more serious conditions like Ebola. The close proximity of keeping a gorilla as a pet increases the likelihood of disease transmission, posing a health risk to both the animal and its human caretakers.
1.4. Ethical Considerations: The Plight of Wild Animals in Captivity
Beyond the practical risks, ethical considerations weigh heavily against keeping gorillas as pets. Removing gorillas from their natural habitat disrupts their social groups and contributes to the decline of wild populations. Furthermore, the conditions in which pet gorillas are often kept are far from ideal, leading to compromised welfare and a diminished quality of life. Responsible wildlife conservation prioritizes the well-being of animals in their natural environment, and keeping gorillas as pets directly contradicts these principles.
2. Legal Perspectives: The Legality of Gorilla Ownership
Owning a gorilla is not only ethically questionable and dangerous but also often illegal. Most countries and states have strict regulations regarding the ownership of exotic and endangered species like gorillas. These laws are in place to protect both the animals and the public, reflecting the understanding that wild animals are not suitable for domestic environments.
2.1. A Global Overview of Exotic Animal Ownership Laws
The legality of owning exotic animals varies significantly across the globe. Some countries have outright bans on owning certain species, while others have stricter regulations requiring permits, specific housing conditions, and proof of expertise in caring for the animal. In the United States, laws regarding exotic animal ownership vary by state, with some states having comprehensive regulations and others having little to no restrictions.
2.2. Consequences of Illegal Gorilla Ownership
Individuals who illegally own gorillas face severe consequences, including hefty fines, confiscation of the animal, and even imprisonment. Furthermore, if a gorilla escapes or causes harm, the owner may be held liable for damages and injuries. Legal repercussions are a significant deterrent, underscoring the importance of adhering to wildlife protection laws.
2.3. Understanding CITES and Endangered Species Protection
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) is an international agreement that regulates the trade of endangered species, including gorillas. CITES aims to ensure that international trade does not threaten the survival of these species in the wild. Gorillas are listed under CITES Appendix I, which provides the highest level of protection and prohibits commercial trade. Violating CITES regulations can result in severe penalties, reflecting the global commitment to protecting endangered species.
3. Gorilla Care: What It Really Takes
The level of care required for a gorilla is beyond the capacity of nearly all private individuals. Gorillas have very specific needs that can only be met by experienced professionals in specialized facilities.
3.1. Specialized Housing and Environmental Requirements
Gorillas need large, complex enclosures that mimic their natural habitat. These enclosures should include climbing structures, vegetation, and enrichment items to stimulate their minds and bodies. Maintaining such an environment is costly and requires specialized knowledge of gorilla behavior and welfare. A typical home environment simply cannot provide the space and complexity needed to meet a gorilla’s physical and psychological needs.
3.2. Dietary Needs and Nutritional Requirements
Gorillas have a specialized diet that consists primarily of plants, fruits, and insects. Providing a balanced and nutritious diet requires extensive knowledge of gorilla nutrition and access to a variety of fresh and high-quality foods. Formulating an appropriate diet for a gorilla in captivity is a complex task that should be overseen by a qualified veterinarian or animal nutritionist.
3.3. Veterinary Care and Health Management
Gorillas require regular veterinary care to monitor their health and prevent diseases. Veterinarians with experience in treating primates are essential for providing specialized medical care. Routine health checks, vaccinations, and parasite control are necessary to maintain a gorilla’s well-being. The cost of veterinary care for a gorilla can be substantial, adding to the financial burden of ownership.
3.4. Behavioral Enrichment and Psychological Well-being
Providing behavioral enrichment is crucial for the psychological well-being of gorillas in captivity. Enrichment activities should stimulate their natural behaviors, such as foraging, climbing, and social interaction. Puzzle feeders, climbing structures, and social interaction with other gorillas are essential for keeping them mentally and physically stimulated. Without adequate enrichment, gorillas can develop abnormal behaviors, such as pacing, self-harm, and aggression.
4. Case Studies: Tragic Outcomes of Gorilla Ownership
Numerous cases illustrate the dangers and ethical issues associated with keeping gorillas as pets. These stories serve as cautionary tales, highlighting the potential for harm and the importance of respecting the wild nature of these animals.
4.1. The Story of Travis: A Cautionary Tale
The story of Travis, a chimpanzee who was kept as a pet, is a stark reminder of the dangers of owning primates. Travis eventually attacked and severely injured his owner’s friend, highlighting the unpredictable nature of these animals. While not a gorilla, Travis’s story underscores the risks associated with keeping powerful, wild animals in a domestic setting.
4.2. Instances of Attacks and Injuries Caused by Pet Gorillas
There have been several documented cases of gorillas attacking humans, both in captivity and in the wild. These incidents often result in severe injuries and sometimes even death. While such attacks are not always the fault of the animal, they underscore the inherent risks of interacting with a powerful and unpredictable creature.
4.3. The Fate of Confiscated Gorillas: A Life in Captivity
Gorillas that are confiscated from private owners often face a difficult future. While they may be placed in zoos or sanctuaries, they may struggle to adapt to their new environment. These animals may have missed out on crucial social development during their time in captivity, making it challenging for them to integrate into gorilla social groups.
5. Understanding Gorilla Behavior: Why They Are Not Domesticated
Gorillas are wild animals with complex behaviors that are not compatible with a domestic environment. Understanding their natural behaviors is crucial for appreciating why they are not suitable as pets.
5.1. Dominance Hierarchies and Social Dynamics
Gorillas live in social groups with complex dominance hierarchies. These hierarchies are maintained through displays of strength, aggression, and social interactions. In a domestic environment, a gorilla may try to establish dominance over its human caretakers, leading to conflict and potentially dangerous situations.
5.2. Natural Instincts and Aggressive Tendencies
Gorillas have natural instincts that can be triggered by various stimuli. They may become aggressive if they feel threatened, stressed, or protective of their territory. These instincts are not easily suppressed and can pose a significant risk to humans.
5.3. The Importance of Socialization with Other Gorillas
Socialization with other gorillas is essential for the psychological well-being of these animals. They need to interact with their own kind to learn appropriate behaviors, establish social bonds, and maintain a healthy social structure. Isolating a gorilla from other gorillas can lead to psychological distress and abnormal behaviors.
6. Conservation Efforts: Protecting Gorillas in the Wild
Supporting gorilla conservation efforts is crucial for ensuring the survival of these magnificent creatures in their natural habitat. By contributing to conservation organizations, we can help protect gorillas from threats such as habitat loss, poaching, and disease.
6.1. Organizations Dedicated to Gorilla Conservation
Several organizations are dedicated to gorilla conservation, working to protect their habitat, combat poaching, and conduct research to better understand their behavior and ecology. These organizations rely on donations and support from the public to carry out their important work.
6.2. How to Support Gorilla Conservation Efforts
There are many ways to support gorilla conservation efforts, including donating to conservation organizations, adopting a gorilla, and raising awareness about the threats they face. By working together, we can help ensure that gorillas continue to thrive in the wild for generations to come.
6.3. The Role of Zoos and Sanctuaries in Conservation
Zoos and sanctuaries play an important role in gorilla conservation by providing a safe haven for rescued gorillas and educating the public about the importance of conservation. These facilities often participate in breeding programs to help maintain genetic diversity within the captive gorilla population.
7. Alternative Pets: Safe and Responsible Choices
If you’re looking for a companion animal, there are many safe and responsible choices that are better suited for a domestic environment than gorillas. Consider adopting a dog, cat, or other domesticated animal from a local shelter or rescue organization.
7.1. The Benefits of Owning Domesticated Animals
Domesticated animals have been bred for generations to live alongside humans, making them more adaptable to a domestic environment. They are typically more predictable in their behavior and less likely to pose a threat to humans.
7.2. Choosing the Right Pet for Your Lifestyle
When choosing a pet, it’s important to consider your lifestyle and living situation. Some pets require more exercise and attention than others, so it’s important to find a pet that fits your needs and capabilities.
7.3. Adopting from Shelters and Rescue Organizations
Adopting a pet from a shelter or rescue organization is a great way to provide a loving home for an animal in need. Shelters and rescue organizations have many wonderful animals waiting to be adopted, and they can help you find the perfect pet for your family.
7.4. Responsible Pet Ownership: A Commitment to Care
Responsible pet ownership involves providing your pet with proper nutrition, exercise, veterinary care, and socialization. It also means understanding their needs and behaviors and providing them with a safe and enriching environment. At PETS.EDU.VN, we offer extensive resources on responsible pet ownership to help you provide the best possible care for your animal companion.
8. Addressing Common Misconceptions About Gorillas
Many misconceptions about gorillas contribute to the misguided belief that they could be suitable pets. Understanding the truth about these animals is essential for dispelling these myths.
8.1. Dispelling the Myth of the Gentle Giant
While gorillas can exhibit gentle behavior, they are also incredibly strong and capable of aggression. The myth of the gentle giant can be misleading and dangerous, leading people to underestimate the risks associated with interacting with these animals.
8.2. Understanding the Difference Between Wild and Domesticated Animals
Wild animals have not been bred for domestication and retain their natural instincts and behaviors. Domesticated animals, on the other hand, have been selectively bred for generations to live alongside humans, making them more adaptable to a domestic environment.
8.3. The Impact of Human Interaction on Gorilla Behavior
Human interaction can have a profound impact on gorilla behavior, both positive and negative. While positive interactions can help gorillas become more comfortable around humans, negative interactions can lead to stress, fear, and aggression.
9. The Role of Education: Promoting Respect for Wildlife
Education is key to promoting respect for wildlife and discouraging the practice of keeping wild animals as pets. By learning about the natural behaviors and needs of gorillas, we can better appreciate their role in the ecosystem and understand why they belong in the wild.
9.1. Resources for Learning About Gorillas
There are many resources available for learning about gorillas, including books, documentaries, and websites. Zoos and sanctuaries also offer educational programs that can help you learn more about these fascinating creatures.
9.2. Teaching Children About Wildlife Conservation
Teaching children about wildlife conservation is essential for fostering a sense of responsibility towards the environment. By educating children about the importance of protecting gorillas and their habitat, we can help ensure that these animals continue to thrive for generations to come.
9.3. Promoting Ethical Tourism and Wildlife Viewing
Ethical tourism and wildlife viewing can be a great way to support conservation efforts while also experiencing the beauty of nature. When participating in wildlife tourism, it’s important to choose responsible operators who prioritize the well-being of the animals and their habitat.
10. Seeking Expert Advice: Consulting Professionals
If you have questions about gorillas or other wildlife, it’s important to seek advice from qualified professionals, such as veterinarians, wildlife biologists, and conservation experts. These professionals can provide accurate information and guidance to help you make informed decisions.
10.1. Veterinarians Specializing in Exotic Animals
Veterinarians who specialize in exotic animals have the knowledge and experience to provide specialized medical care for gorillas and other wild animals. They can also provide guidance on proper nutrition, housing, and behavioral enrichment.
10.2. Wildlife Biologists and Conservation Experts
Wildlife biologists and conservation experts can provide valuable insights into the behavior, ecology, and conservation of gorillas. They can also help you understand the threats that gorillas face in the wild and how you can support conservation efforts.
10.3. Contacting Local Animal Shelters and Rescue Organizations
If you’re interested in adopting a pet, contact your local animal shelters and rescue organizations. They can help you find the perfect pet for your lifestyle and provide guidance on responsible pet ownership.
11. Understanding The Dangerous Allure of Exotic Pets
The desire to own an exotic pet, such as a gorilla, often stems from a fascination with the unusual and a desire to connect with nature. However, this allure can be dangerous, leading people to make ill-informed decisions that can harm both the animal and themselves.
11.1. The Media’s Role in Glamorizing Exotic Pets
The media often portrays exotic pets as glamorous and exciting, which can contribute to the desire to own them. However, these portrayals often fail to capture the reality of owning a wild animal, including the challenges, risks, and ethical considerations involved.
11.2. The Psychology Behind Wanting an Exotic Pet
The desire to own an exotic pet can be rooted in various psychological factors, such as a need for status, a desire to control nature, or a fascination with the unusual. Understanding these motivations can help people make more informed decisions about pet ownership.
11.3. Recognizing the Difference Between Fascination and Responsibility
It’s important to recognize the difference between fascination with an animal and the responsibility of providing it with proper care. Owning a pet is a significant commitment that should not be taken lightly. Before acquiring any pet, it’s essential to carefully consider your ability to meet its needs and provide it with a safe and enriching environment.
12. Financial Implications: The True Cost of Gorilla Ownership
The financial implications of owning a gorilla are substantial and often underestimated. The initial cost of acquiring a gorilla is just the beginning; the ongoing costs of providing proper care can quickly add up.
12.1. Initial Acquisition Costs
The initial cost of acquiring a gorilla can range from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of dollars, depending on the source and the animal’s age and health. However, it’s important to note that acquiring a gorilla legally is extremely difficult, as most countries have strict regulations on the ownership of endangered species.
12.2. Ongoing Costs of Care
The ongoing costs of caring for a gorilla include food, housing, veterinary care, and enrichment. These costs can easily exceed tens of thousands of dollars per year. Providing a gorilla with proper care is a significant financial burden that most people cannot afford.
12.3. Unexpected Expenses and Emergency Care
In addition to the regular costs of care, unexpected expenses can arise due to illness, injury, or behavioral problems. Emergency veterinary care for a gorilla can be extremely expensive, and owners must be prepared to cover these costs.
13. Insurance and Liability: Protecting Yourself and Others
Owning a gorilla can expose you to significant liability risks. If a gorilla escapes or causes harm to others, you could be held liable for damages and injuries.
13.1. The Difficulty of Obtaining Insurance for Exotic Animals
Obtaining insurance for exotic animals can be difficult, as most insurance companies do not cover the risks associated with owning wild animals. Even if you can find an insurance policy, it may not cover all potential liabilities.
13.2. Liability for Damages and Injuries Caused by a Gorilla
If a gorilla escapes or causes harm to others, you could be held liable for damages and injuries. This liability can extend to medical expenses, lost wages, and emotional distress.
13.3. Legal Protections for Victims of Animal Attacks
Victims of animal attacks have legal protections in many jurisdictions. These protections may allow them to recover damages from the animal’s owner, even if the owner was not negligent.
14. Creating a Safe Environment for Everyone
Ensuring the safety of both humans and animals is paramount. Keeping gorillas as pets poses a significant risk to both, and it’s essential to prioritize safety when considering pet ownership.
14.1. Preventing Escapes and Ensuring Secure Enclosures
Preventing escapes is crucial for protecting the public from the dangers of a loose gorilla. Enclosures must be strong, secure, and properly maintained to prevent escapes.
14.2. Training and Handling Protocols
If you work with gorillas in a professional setting, it’s essential to have proper training and handling protocols in place. These protocols should address safety concerns and minimize the risk of injury to both humans and animals.
14.3. Emergency Response Plans
It’s important to have an emergency response plan in place in case of an escape or other emergency. This plan should include procedures for containing the animal, notifying the authorities, and protecting the public.
15. The Psychological Impact on Gorillas in Captivity
The psychological impact of captivity on gorillas can be profound. Gorillas are intelligent, social animals that require complex environments and social interactions to thrive. Captivity can deprive them of these essential needs, leading to psychological distress.
15.1. Signs of Stress and Abnormal Behavior
Gorillas in captivity may exhibit signs of stress and abnormal behavior, such as pacing, self-harm, and aggression. These behaviors are often a sign that the animal is not coping well with its environment.
15.2. The Effects of Isolation and Lack of Social Interaction
Isolation and lack of social interaction can have devastating effects on the psychological well-being of gorillas. They need to interact with other gorillas to learn appropriate behaviors, establish social bonds, and maintain a healthy social structure.
15.3. The Importance of Enrichment and Stimulation
Enrichment and stimulation are essential for maintaining the psychological well-being of gorillas in captivity. Enrichment activities should stimulate their natural behaviors, such as foraging, climbing, and social interaction.
16. Debunking Myths About Taming Wild Animals
The idea that wild animals can be tamed is a dangerous myth that can lead people to underestimate the risks associated with owning them. Wild animals retain their natural instincts and behaviors, regardless of how much time they spend around humans.
16.1. The Persistence of Natural Instincts
Natural instincts are deeply ingrained in wild animals and cannot be completely suppressed. These instincts can be triggered by various stimuli, leading to unpredictable behavior.
16.2. The Illusion of Control
The illusion of control can lead people to believe that they can manage the risks associated with owning a wild animal. However, even the most experienced handlers cannot completely control the behavior of a wild animal.
16.3. Respecting the Wildness of Animals
It’s important to respect the wildness of animals and recognize that they are not meant to be kept as pets. Wild animals belong in their natural habitat, where they can live according to their natural instincts and behaviors.
17. Ethical Considerations: Animal Welfare and Rights
The ethical considerations surrounding animal welfare and rights are central to the debate over keeping wild animals as pets. Animals have the right to live free from suffering and exploitation, and keeping them in captivity for human entertainment or companionship can violate these rights.
17.1. The Argument for Animal Rights
The argument for animal rights holds that animals have the right to live free from suffering and exploitation. This perspective challenges the notion that humans have the right to use animals for their own purposes.
17.2. Balancing Human Interests with Animal Welfare
Balancing human interests with animal welfare is a complex ethical challenge. While humans have a right to pursue their own interests, they also have a responsibility to minimize harm to animals.
17.3. Promoting Compassionate and Responsible Animal Care
Promoting compassionate and responsible animal care is essential for ensuring the well-being of all animals. This includes providing them with proper nutrition, housing, veterinary care, and enrichment.
18. The Future of Gorilla Conservation: Hope for the Species
Despite the challenges that gorillas face, there is hope for the future of the species. Conservation efforts are making a difference, and gorilla populations are slowly recovering in some areas.
18.1. Success Stories in Gorilla Conservation
There have been several success stories in gorilla conservation, demonstrating that conservation efforts can be effective. These success stories provide hope for the future of the species.
18.2. The Role of Technology in Conservation
Technology is playing an increasingly important role in gorilla conservation. Drones, camera traps, and GPS tracking are helping conservationists monitor gorilla populations and protect them from threats.
18.3. Inspiring Future Generations of Conservationists
Inspiring future generations of conservationists is essential for ensuring the long-term survival of gorillas. By educating children about the importance of conservation, we can help create a future where gorillas thrive in the wild.
19. Dispelling Myths: Are Gorillas Dangerous To Humans?
While gorillas possess immense strength and potential for aggression, portraying them as inherently dangerous to humans is a misleading oversimplification. Understanding the nuanced realities of gorilla behavior and human-gorilla interactions is crucial for dispelling myths and fostering responsible attitudes toward these magnificent creatures.
19.1. The Reality of Gorilla Attacks on Humans
While gorilla attacks on humans do occur, they are relatively rare events. More often than not, such incidents arise from situations where gorillas feel threatened, provoked, or perceive a danger to their offspring or social group. Human encroachment on gorilla habitats and irresponsible tourism practices can increase the likelihood of confrontations.
19.2. Understanding Gorilla Behavior and Threat Signals
A deeper understanding of gorilla behavior and threat signals can help mitigate the risk of conflict. Gorillas typically display a range of warning signs before resorting to physical aggression, including chest-beating, vocalizations, and charging displays. Recognizing and respecting these signals can allow humans to avoid escalating potentially dangerous situations.
19.3. Promoting Responsible Wildlife Tourism and Viewing Practices
Responsible wildlife tourism and viewing practices play a crucial role in minimizing the risk of human-gorilla conflict. Tourists should adhere to strict guidelines, maintaining a safe distance, avoiding direct eye contact, and refraining from feeding or otherwise interacting with the animals. Supporting eco-tourism initiatives that prioritize gorilla conservation and community engagement can contribute to a more sustainable and harmonious relationship between humans and gorillas.
20. Alternatives to Gorilla Ownership: Responsible Ways to Engage with Wildlife
For those captivated by gorillas and wildlife in general, there are numerous responsible avenues to explore their fascination without resorting to the unethical and dangerous practice of ownership. Supporting conservation efforts, visiting reputable zoos and sanctuaries, and engaging in educational opportunities can provide fulfilling and ethical ways to connect with the animal kingdom.
20.1. Supporting Conservation Organizations and Research Initiatives
Donating to or volunteering with reputable conservation organizations directly supports efforts to protect gorillas and their habitats. These organizations work tirelessly to combat poaching, address habitat loss, and promote community-based conservation initiatives. Supporting research initiatives that study gorilla behavior and ecology can also contribute to a deeper understanding of these animals and inform effective conservation strategies.
20.2. Visiting Reputable Zoos and Sanctuaries with Ethical Practices
Visiting zoos and sanctuaries that prioritize animal welfare and conservation can provide an enriching and educational experience. Look for facilities that adhere to strict ethical guidelines, provide spacious and stimulating enclosures, and actively participate in conservation programs. Avoid supporting establishments that exploit animals for entertainment or prioritize profit over welfare.
20.3. Engaging in Educational Opportunities: Documentaries, Books, and Online Resources
Exploring the world of gorillas through documentaries, books, and online resources can provide a wealth of knowledge and appreciation for these incredible creatures. Engaging with educational materials can foster a deeper understanding of gorilla behavior, ecology, and conservation challenges, inspiring responsible attitudes and actions.
Owning a gorilla is not a viable option. It is illegal, dangerous, and unethical. We encourage you to contact us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States or Whatsapp: +1 555-987-6543 to learn more about responsible pet ownership. At PETS.EDU.VN, we are dedicated to providing information, so visit our website: pets.edu.vn to continue reading.
FAQ: Considering Gorilla as Pets
- Is it legal to own a gorilla as a pet?
No, it is illegal in most places due to conservation laws and safety concerns. - Are gorillas dangerous to keep as pets?
Yes, they are incredibly strong and can be unpredictable, posing a risk of serious injury. - What kind of environment do gorillas need?
They require large, complex habitats that mimic their natural environment, which is impossible to provide in a typical home. - Can gorillas be domesticated?
No, they are wild animals with strong instincts that cannot be fully suppressed through taming. - What are the ethical concerns of owning a gorilla?
It contributes to the decline of wild populations and compromises the animal’s welfare due to unnatural living conditions. - How much does it cost to care for a gorilla?
The costs can be extremely high, including specialized food, veterinary care, and habitat maintenance, often exceeding tens of thousands of dollars annually. - What are the alternatives to owning a gorilla if I love animals?
Consider adopting domesticated animals like dogs or cats from shelters, which are better suited for home environments. - Where can I learn more about gorilla conservation?
Visit websites of conservation organizations or reputable zoos and sanctuaries involved in gorilla protection efforts. - What diseases can I get from a gorilla?
Gorillas can carry zoonotic diseases that are transmissible to humans, including respiratory illnesses and parasites. - How does keeping a gorilla as a pet affect its psychological well-being?
Isolation and lack of social interaction with other gorillas can lead to psychological distress and abnormal behaviors.
