Can Pets Spread COVID? What You Need To Know

Navigating pet health during the pandemic can be confusing, but at PETS.EDU.VN, we’re here to offer clarity and solutions. Can pets spread COVID? Let’s explore how COVID-19 affects our beloved animals, focusing on transmission risks, preventative measures, and expert veterinary guidance, ensuring your furry friends stay healthy and happy with our dedicated resources. We’ll cover pet safety, animal health, and zoonotic diseases.

1. Understanding COVID-19 and Pets: The Basics

COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has significantly impacted human health globally. As the pandemic evolved, concerns arose regarding its effects on animals, particularly household pets. This section delves into the fundamental aspects of COVID-19 in pets, exploring how the virus affects them, the potential risks involved, and what pet owners should know to protect their beloved companions. Understanding the basics is crucial for responsible pet ownership during these challenging times.

1.1. How COVID-19 Affects Pets

While primarily a human disease, SARS-CoV-2 can infect various animal species, including cats, dogs, ferrets, hamsters, and others. The virus primarily affects the respiratory system in pets, leading to symptoms similar to those observed in humans, though generally milder. Research indicates that pets can contract the virus through close contact with infected individuals. It’s essential to be aware of how the virus manifests in pets to recognize potential infections early.

Common Symptoms in Infected Pets

The symptoms of COVID-19 in pets can vary, but some of the most frequently observed signs include:

Fever: An elevated body temperature, often noticeable through lethargy or loss of appetite.
Coughing: A dry or moist cough, potentially accompanied by sneezing.
Difficulty Breathing: Labored breathing or shortness of breath, which requires immediate veterinary attention.
Lethargy: Unusual tiredness or lack of energy, making the pet less active than usual.
Sneezing: Frequent sneezing, sometimes accompanied by nasal discharge.
Runny Nose: Nasal discharge that may be clear or colored.
Eye Discharge: Discharge from the eyes, which can indicate an infection.
Vomiting: Throwing up, which may occur sporadically or frequently.
Diarrhea: Loose or watery stools, which can lead to dehydration.

If your pet exhibits any of these symptoms, it’s important to consult with your veterinarian promptly. For more information on recognizing these symptoms, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

1.2. Transmission Risks: Can Pets Spread COVID?

One of the primary concerns for pet owners is whether pets can transmit COVID-19 to humans or other animals. Current scientific evidence suggests that while pets can become infected with the virus, the risk of them spreading it to humans is low. The CDC and other health organizations have stated that pets are not a significant factor in the spread of COVID-19. Most cases of pet infections are believed to stem from close contact with infected humans.

Key Findings on Transmission

Human-to-Animal Transmission: The primary route of infection for pets is through close contact with infected humans.
Low Risk of Animal-to-Human Transmission: Studies indicate that the risk of pets transmitting the virus to humans is minimal.
Limited Animal-to-Animal Transmission: While possible, animal-to-animal transmission is less common than human-to-animal transmission.

Despite the low risk, it’s crucial to take precautions to protect both yourself and your pets, especially if you are infected with COVID-19.

1.3. Protecting Your Pet: Preventive Measures

Protecting your pet from COVID-19 involves several preventive measures that can minimize their risk of infection. These measures are especially important if you or someone in your household is infected with the virus.

Practical Preventive Strategies

Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water, especially after handling pets, their food, or their belongings.
Limit Contact if Sick: If you are sick with COVID-19, avoid close contact with your pets. Have another member of your household care for them if possible.
Wear a Mask: When interacting with your pets while sick, wear a mask to reduce the risk of transmission.
Keep Pets Indoors: During outbreaks, keep cats indoors to prevent them from interacting with potentially infected animals.
Clean and Disinfect: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces your pet comes into contact with, including their food and water bowls, toys, and bedding.
Consult Your Veterinarian: Stay in contact with your veterinarian and follow their advice on protecting your pet.

By implementing these preventive measures, you can significantly reduce the risk of your pet contracting COVID-19. For more detailed guidance, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

2. Testing and Diagnosis: What to Do if You Suspect COVID-19 in Your Pet

If you suspect that your pet has contracted COVID-19, it’s crucial to take prompt and appropriate action. This section outlines the steps to take if you notice symptoms, how testing is conducted, and what the results mean for your pet’s care. Understanding the diagnostic process can help you make informed decisions and ensure your pet receives the best possible care.

2.1. Recognizing Symptoms: When to Suspect COVID-19

Early recognition of symptoms is key to managing COVID-19 in pets effectively. While many symptoms are similar to other respiratory illnesses, it’s important to be vigilant and monitor your pet’s health closely.

Key Indicators to Watch For

Respiratory Issues: Coughing, sneezing, difficulty breathing, or shortness of breath.
General Malaise: Lethargy, reduced appetite, or unusual tiredness.
Gastrointestinal Problems: Vomiting or diarrhea.
Fever: Elevated body temperature, often accompanied by other symptoms.

If your pet exhibits one or more of these symptoms, especially if you or someone in your household has COVID-19, it’s important to consider the possibility of infection. Contact your veterinarian immediately to discuss your concerns and determine the next steps.

2.2. How Testing is Conducted: Veterinary Procedures

Testing for COVID-19 in pets typically involves a combination of physical examinations, symptom evaluation, and laboratory tests. Veterinarians use various methods to confirm the presence of the virus and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.

Common Diagnostic Methods

Physical Examination: The veterinarian will conduct a thorough physical examination to assess your pet’s overall health and identify any visible symptoms.
Symptom Evaluation: A detailed discussion of your pet’s symptoms, including their onset, duration, and severity, helps the veterinarian narrow down the possible causes.
Swab Samples: Nasal and throat swabs are collected to test for the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) tests.
Blood Tests: Blood samples may be taken to check for antibodies, which can indicate a previous or current infection.
Additional Tests: Depending on the symptoms, the veterinarian may recommend additional tests to rule out other respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses.

It’s important to follow your veterinarian’s instructions carefully and provide them with all relevant information about your pet’s health and potential exposure to COVID-19.

2.3. Understanding Test Results: Positive vs. Negative

The results of COVID-19 tests can be either positive or negative, and each outcome has different implications for your pet’s care. Understanding what these results mean is crucial for making informed decisions and ensuring your pet receives the appropriate treatment.

Interpreting Test Results

Positive Result: A positive test result indicates that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was detected in your pet’s sample. This confirms that your pet is currently infected with COVID-19. Your veterinarian will provide specific instructions for managing your pet’s care, including isolation and symptom management.
Negative Result: A negative test result indicates that the virus was not detected in the sample. However, a negative result does not always rule out COVID-19, especially if the test was performed early in the course of the infection. Your veterinarian may recommend repeat testing or other diagnostic procedures to confirm the diagnosis.

Regardless of the test result, it’s essential to follow your veterinarian’s advice and monitor your pet’s health closely. If you have any concerns or questions, don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian for further guidance. For more information on interpreting test results, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

3. Treatment and Care: Managing COVID-19 in Pets

When a pet tests positive for COVID-19, proper treatment and care are essential to ensure a swift recovery. This section provides detailed guidance on managing the infection, including at-home care tips, veterinary treatments, and monitoring your pet’s progress. By following these guidelines, you can help your pet overcome the virus and return to their normal, healthy self.

3.1. At-Home Care Tips: Supportive Measures

Most pets with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms and can be cared for at home with supportive measures. These measures focus on providing comfort, ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition, and monitoring their overall well-being.

Key At-Home Care Strategies

Isolation: Isolate your infected pet from other animals and humans in the household to prevent potential spread. Designate a separate room for your pet and limit interactions.
Rest: Provide a quiet and comfortable resting place for your pet. Encourage them to rest and avoid strenuous activities.
Hydration: Ensure your pet has access to fresh water at all times. If they are reluctant to drink, try offering flavored water or electrolyte solutions recommended by your veterinarian.
Nutrition: Offer easily digestible food that is palatable to your pet. If they have a reduced appetite, try warming the food slightly to enhance its aroma and appeal.
Symptom Management: Address specific symptoms such as coughing, sneezing, or diarrhea with appropriate over-the-counter or prescription medications recommended by your veterinarian.
Hygiene: Maintain strict hygiene practices by washing your hands frequently and disinfecting surfaces that your pet comes into contact with.
Monitoring: Closely monitor your pet’s symptoms and overall condition. Keep a log of their temperature, appetite, hydration, and activity level to share with your veterinarian.

By implementing these at-home care tips, you can provide essential support and comfort to your pet during their recovery.

3.2. Veterinary Treatments: When to Seek Professional Help

While most pets recover from COVID-19 with at-home care, some may require professional veterinary treatment, especially if they develop severe symptoms or complications.

Signs That Indicate the Need for Veterinary Care

Difficulty Breathing: Labored breathing, rapid breathing, or persistent coughing.
Severe Lethargy: Extreme tiredness or unresponsiveness.
Dehydration: Signs of dehydration, such as dry gums, sunken eyes, or decreased urination.
Persistent Vomiting or Diarrhea: Vomiting or diarrhea that lasts for more than 24 hours.
High Fever: A temperature above 103°F (39.4°C) that does not respond to at-home measures.

If your pet exhibits any of these signs, contact your veterinarian immediately. They may recommend hospitalization for more intensive treatment.

Potential Veterinary Treatments

Oxygen Therapy: Supplemental oxygen may be administered to pets with difficulty breathing.
Intravenous Fluids: IV fluids can help rehydrate pets suffering from dehydration due to vomiting or diarrhea.
Medications: Veterinarians may prescribe medications to manage specific symptoms, such as cough suppressants, anti-nausea medications, or antibiotics to treat secondary bacterial infections.
Supportive Care: Additional supportive care measures, such as nutritional support and pain management, may be provided as needed.

Prompt veterinary treatment can significantly improve the outcome for pets with severe COVID-19.

3.3. Monitoring Your Pet’s Progress: Key Indicators

Regularly monitoring your pet’s progress is essential to ensure they are recovering effectively and to identify any potential complications early on.

Key Indicators to Monitor

Temperature: Check your pet’s temperature twice daily using a rectal thermometer. A normal temperature for dogs and cats is between 100.5°F and 102.5°F (38°C and 39.2°C).
Appetite: Observe your pet’s appetite and food intake. A gradual return to normal eating habits is a positive sign.
Hydration: Monitor your pet’s water intake and check for signs of dehydration.
Activity Level: Assess your pet’s energy level and activity. A gradual increase in activity is a sign of improvement.
Respiratory Rate: Count your pet’s breaths per minute while they are at rest. Normal respiratory rates for dogs and cats are between 12 and 24 breaths per minute.
Symptom Severity: Keep track of the severity of your pet’s symptoms, such as coughing, sneezing, and diarrhea. A decrease in symptom severity is a sign of improvement.

Keep a detailed log of your pet’s progress and share it with your veterinarian during follow-up appointments. This information will help them assess your pet’s response to treatment and make any necessary adjustments to their care plan. For more information on monitoring your pet’s progress, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

4. Prevention Strategies: Protecting Pets and People

Preventing the spread of COVID-19 is crucial for protecting both pets and people. This section outlines practical strategies for minimizing the risk of infection, including vaccination guidelines, hygiene practices, and managing contact with infected individuals. By implementing these prevention measures, you can create a safer environment for your furry friends and your community.

4.1. Vaccination Guidelines: Protecting Your Pet

Vaccination is a key tool in preventing the spread of many infectious diseases, but currently, there is no specific vaccine for COVID-19 in pets. However, maintaining your pet’s overall health through regular vaccinations can help protect them from other respiratory illnesses that may complicate a COVID-19 infection.

Essential Vaccinations for Pets

Dogs: Core vaccines for dogs include rabies, distemper, parvovirus, and adenovirus. Additional non-core vaccines may be recommended based on your dog’s lifestyle and risk factors, such as kennel cough (Bordetella), Lyme disease, and leptospirosis.
Cats: Core vaccines for cats include rabies, feline viral rhinotracheitis, calicivirus, and panleukopenia. Non-core vaccines may include feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), depending on your cat’s risk factors.

Consult with your veterinarian to ensure your pet is up-to-date on all recommended vaccinations. While these vaccines won’t prevent COVID-19, they can help keep your pet healthy and reduce the risk of other respiratory infections.

4.2. Hygiene Practices: Reducing the Risk of Transmission

Good hygiene practices are essential for reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission between pets and people. Regular handwashing, cleaning, and disinfecting can help minimize the spread of the virus.

Key Hygiene Practices

Handwashing: Wash your hands frequently with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after handling pets, their food, or their belongings.
Cleaning: Regularly clean and disinfect surfaces your pet comes into contact with, including their food and water bowls, toys, and bedding. Use pet-safe disinfectants to avoid exposing your pet to harmful chemicals.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Wear gloves and a mask when cleaning up after your pet, especially if they are sick.
Proper Waste Disposal: Dispose of pet waste properly and wash your hands thoroughly afterward.
Avoid Sharing: Do not share food, water, or utensils with your pet.

By following these hygiene practices, you can reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission and protect both yourself and your pets.

4.3. Managing Contact with Infected Individuals: Protecting Pets

If you or someone in your household is infected with COVID-19, it’s important to take steps to protect your pets from potential exposure.

Strategies for Managing Contact

Limit Contact: Avoid close contact with your pets if you are sick. Have another member of your household care for them if possible.
Wear a Mask: If you must interact with your pets while sick, wear a mask to reduce the risk of transmission.
Avoid Close Contact: Refrain from hugging, kissing, or sharing food with your pet while you are sick.
Designate a Caregiver: If possible, designate a healthy caregiver to look after your pet while you are recovering.
Consult Your Veterinarian: Contact your veterinarian for advice on protecting your pet and managing their care during your illness.

By following these strategies, you can minimize the risk of your pet contracting COVID-19 from an infected individual. For more detailed guidance on prevention strategies, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

5. Current Research and Studies: What the Science Says

Staying informed about the latest research and studies on COVID-19 and pets is crucial for understanding the evolving nature of the virus and its impact on animals. This section provides an overview of recent findings, including transmission dynamics, variant susceptibility, and ongoing research efforts. By keeping up-to-date with the science, you can make informed decisions about your pet’s health and well-being.

5.1. Transmission Dynamics: How the Virus Spreads

Understanding how the SARS-CoV-2 virus spreads among pets and between pets and humans is essential for developing effective prevention strategies. Recent research has shed light on the transmission dynamics of the virus in animal populations.

Key Findings on Transmission Dynamics

Human-to-Animal Transmission: Studies have confirmed that the primary route of infection for pets is through close contact with infected humans. The virus can spread through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks near a pet.
Low Risk of Animal-to-Human Transmission: While pets can become infected, the risk of them transmitting the virus to humans is considered low. Research suggests that pets do not shed enough virus to cause significant human infections.
Limited Animal-to-Animal Transmission: Animal-to-animal transmission can occur, particularly in close-quarters environments such as shelters or breeding facilities. However, this type of transmission is less common than human-to-animal transmission.
Environmental Contamination: The virus can survive on surfaces for varying lengths of time, potentially leading to indirect transmission. Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces can help reduce this risk.

These findings underscore the importance of practicing good hygiene and limiting contact with pets if you are infected with COVID-19.

5.2. Variant Susceptibility: Impact on Pets

As the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to mutate, new variants emerge with varying levels of transmissibility and severity. Understanding how these variants affect pets is crucial for assessing the ongoing risks and adapting prevention strategies.

Current Knowledge on Variant Susceptibility

Increased Transmissibility: Some variants, such as the Delta and Omicron variants, have been shown to be more transmissible in humans. Preliminary studies suggest that these variants may also be more likely to infect pets.
Similar Symptoms: The symptoms of COVID-19 in pets infected with different variants appear to be similar, including respiratory issues, lethargy, and gastrointestinal problems.
Ongoing Research: Researchers are actively studying the impact of new variants on pets to better understand their susceptibility and the potential for animal-to-human transmission.

Staying informed about the latest variant information can help you take appropriate precautions to protect your pet.

5.3. Ongoing Research Efforts: Future Directions

Numerous research efforts are underway to further investigate COVID-19 in pets, including studies on transmission dynamics, variant susceptibility, vaccine development, and treatment options.

Key Research Areas

Transmission Studies: Researchers are conducting studies to better understand how the virus spreads between pets and humans, and among different animal species.
Variant Analysis: Scientists are analyzing the impact of new variants on pets to assess their susceptibility and the potential for animal-to-human transmission.
Vaccine Development: While no specific COVID-19 vaccine is currently available for pets, researchers are exploring the possibility of developing one to protect animals from infection.
Treatment Trials: Clinical trials are being conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatments for COVID-19 in pets.
Long-Term Effects: Researchers are studying the long-term effects of COVID-19 on pets, including potential complications and sequelae.

These ongoing research efforts will provide valuable insights into COVID-19 in pets and help inform future prevention and treatment strategies. For more information on current research and studies, visit PETS.EDU.VN.

6. Addressing Common Concerns: FAQ for Pet Owners

Pet owners often have numerous questions and concerns about COVID-19 and its potential impact on their beloved animals. This section addresses some of the most frequently asked questions, providing clear and concise answers to help ease your worries and ensure you have the information you need to protect your pet.

6.1. Can My Pet Get COVID-19?

Yes, pets can get COVID-19, although it is less common than in humans. The primary route of infection is through close contact with infected humans.

6.2. What Are the Symptoms of COVID-19 in Pets?

Common symptoms include fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, lethargy, sneezing, runny nose, eye discharge, vomiting, and diarrhea.

6.3. Can My Pet Spread COVID-19 to Me?

The risk of pets spreading COVID-19 to humans is considered low. Most cases of pet infections are believed to stem from close contact with infected humans.

6.4. How Can I Protect My Pet from COVID-19?

Practice good hygiene, limit contact with your pet if you are sick, wear a mask when interacting with your pet while sick, and keep cats indoors during outbreaks.

6.5. What Should I Do If I Suspect My Pet Has COVID-19?

Contact your veterinarian immediately to discuss your concerns and determine the next steps. They may recommend testing or other diagnostic procedures.

6.6. How Is COVID-19 Diagnosed in Pets?

Testing typically involves a combination of physical examinations, symptom evaluation, and laboratory tests, including swab samples and blood tests.

6.7. How Is COVID-19 Treated in Pets?

Most pets with COVID-19 experience mild symptoms and can be cared for at home with supportive measures, such as rest, hydration, and symptom management. Some may require veterinary treatment, especially if they develop severe symptoms.

6.8. Is There a Vaccine for COVID-19 in Pets?

Currently, there is no specific vaccine for COVID-19 in pets. However, maintaining your pet’s overall health through regular vaccinations can help protect them from other respiratory illnesses.

6.9. Should I Isolate My Pet If They Test Positive for COVID-19?

Yes, isolate your infected pet from other animals and humans in the household to prevent potential spread.

6.10. Where Can I Find More Information About COVID-19 and Pets?

For more information and resources, visit reputable sources such as the CDC, WHO, and AVMA, as well as trusted pet health websites like PETS.EDU.VN.

7. Expert Veterinary Advice: Guidance for Pet Owners

Seeking advice from qualified veterinarians is crucial for managing your pet’s health during the COVID-19 pandemic. This section highlights the importance of consulting with veterinary professionals, finding reliable resources, and ensuring your pet receives the best possible care.

7.1. The Importance of Consulting with Veterinarians

Veterinarians are the most reliable source of information and guidance on COVID-19 in pets. They can provide accurate diagnoses, recommend appropriate treatments, and offer personalized advice based on your pet’s specific needs.

Benefits of Consulting with a Veterinarian

Accurate Diagnosis: Veterinarians can accurately diagnose COVID-19 in pets and rule out other potential causes of the symptoms.
Personalized Treatment: They can recommend personalized treatment plans based on your pet’s individual health status and symptom severity.
Reliable Information: Veterinarians can provide reliable information about COVID-19 in pets, including transmission dynamics, prevention strategies, and treatment options.
Peace of Mind: Consulting with a veterinarian can provide peace of mind and reassurance that you are taking the best possible care of your pet.

7.2. Finding Reliable Resources: Trusted Information

When seeking information about COVID-19 and pets, it’s important to rely on trusted sources that provide accurate and up-to-date information.

Reputable Resources

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): The CDC provides comprehensive information about COVID-19 in animals, including transmission dynamics, prevention strategies, and guidance for pet owners.
World Health Organization (WHO): The WHO offers global updates and information about COVID-19, including its impact on animals.
American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA): The AVMA provides resources and guidance for veterinarians and pet owners on COVID-19 and other animal health issues.
Veterinary Schools and Research Institutions: Many veterinary schools and research institutions conduct studies on COVID-19 in animals and publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals.
PETS.EDU.VN: Our website offers reliable and up-to-date information on COVID-19 in pets, as well as other pet health topics.

7.3. Ensuring Your Pet Receives the Best Care

Providing the best possible care for your pet during the COVID-19 pandemic involves a combination of preventive measures, prompt diagnosis and treatment, and ongoing monitoring.

Key Steps to Ensure Optimal Care

Stay Informed: Keep up-to-date with the latest information about COVID-19 and pets from trusted sources.
Practice Prevention: Implement preventive measures to minimize the risk of infection, including good hygiene practices and limiting contact with infected individuals.
Consult Your Veterinarian: Consult with your veterinarian if you have any concerns about your pet’s health or potential exposure to COVID-19.
Follow Treatment Guidelines: Follow your veterinarian’s treatment guidelines carefully and monitor your pet’s progress.
Provide Supportive Care: Provide supportive care at home, including rest, hydration, and symptom management.
Monitor for Complications: Monitor your pet for potential complications and seek veterinary care promptly if they develop severe symptoms.

By following these steps, you can ensure your pet receives the best possible care during the COVID-19 pandemic. For more expert veterinary advice and guidance, visit PETS.EDU.VN, or contact us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States or Whatsapp: +1 555-987-6543.

8. Conclusion: Navigating Pet Care During COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented unique challenges for pet owners, raising concerns about the health and safety of our beloved animals. Understanding the risks, implementing preventive measures, and seeking expert veterinary advice are essential for navigating pet care during these uncertain times. Remember, while pets can contract COVID-19, the risk of them spreading it to humans is low, and most infected pets experience mild symptoms. By staying informed and proactive, you can protect your furry friends and ensure they remain happy and healthy.

9. Call to Action

Are you looking for more reliable information and expert guidance on pet care during the COVID-19 pandemic? Visit pets.edu.vn today to access a wealth of resources, including articles, FAQs, and expert veterinary advice. Our goal is to empower you with the knowledge and tools you need to provide the best possible care for your pet. Don’t hesitate to reach out to us with any questions or concerns. Together, we can navigate these challenging times and ensure the well-being of our furry companions. Contact us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States or Whatsapp: +1 555-987-6543.

10. Table: Comparing COVID-19 and Common Pet Illnesses

Symptom	COVID-19	Kennel Cough (Dogs)	Feline Upper Respiratory Infection (Cats)
Cough	Yes, dry or moist	Yes, a distinctive “honking” cough	Yes, sometimes
Fever	Yes	Sometimes	Yes
Difficulty Breathing	Yes, sometimes	Rarely	Rarely
Lethargy	Yes	Yes	Yes
Sneezing	Yes	Sometimes	Yes
Runny Nose	Yes	Yes	Yes
Eye Discharge	Yes	Sometimes	Yes
Vomiting	Yes	Rarely	Rarely
Diarrhea	Yes	Rarely	Rarely
Transmission to Humans	Low risk	No	No
Typical Severity	Mild to moderate	Mild	Mild to moderate
Treatment	Supportive care, veterinary intervention if severe	Cough suppressants, antibiotics if needed	Supportive care, antibiotics if needed
Prevention	Hygiene, limit contact with infected individuals	Vaccination, avoid crowded places	Vaccination, hygiene

alt: Dog wearing a protective face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.