Rosy boas are good pets, particularly for reptile enthusiasts seeking a docile and manageable snake. At PETS.EDU.VN, we offer expertise to help you decide if these captivating creatures are right for you, focusing on their unique needs and temperaments. Explore rosy boa ownership with us for insightful guidance and optimal care strategies ensuring a fulfilling experience with these pets, including understanding their enclosure needs and feeding schedules.
1. Understanding Rosy Boas: An Ideal Pet Choice?
Rosy boas, known scientifically as Lichanura trivirgata, are captivating snakes native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. They are celebrated for their docile nature, manageable size, and relatively simple care requirements, making them increasingly popular among reptile enthusiasts. This comprehensive guide aims to explore every aspect of keeping rosy boas as pets, ensuring potential owners are well-informed and prepared to provide optimal care. We at PETS.EDU.VN are here to provide the information you need to make an informed decision.
2. Rosy Boa Characteristics and Temperament
- Size and Lifespan: Rosy boas typically reach lengths of 2 to 4 feet, with females often larger than males. With proper care, they can live for 20 to 30 years, making them a long-term commitment.
- Appearance: They boast a cylindrical body with smooth scales, exhibiting a range of colors and patterns, including stripes, spots, and saddles in shades of pink, brown, gray, and orange.
- Temperament: Known for their gentle disposition, rosy boas are generally docile and easy to handle, making them ideal for both novice and experienced reptile keepers. Regular, gentle handling from a young age can further enhance their calm temperament.
3. Essential Habitat Setup for Rosy Boas
Creating the right habitat is crucial for the health and well-being of your rosy boa. Here’s a detailed guide to setting up the perfect enclosure:
- Enclosure Size: A 20-gallon terrarium is suitable for young rosy boas, but adults require a larger enclosure, ideally a 40-gallon tank or equivalent. The enclosure should be secure to prevent escapes, as rosy boas are adept at finding their way out of poorly sealed tanks.
- Substrate: The substrate should mimic their natural desert environment. Suitable options include aspen shavings, reptile carpet, or a sand/soil mixture. Avoid cedar shavings, as they contain oils that can be harmful to reptiles.
- Heating: Rosy boas require a thermal gradient, with a warm side and a cool side, to regulate their body temperature.
- Warm Side: Maintain a temperature of 88-95°F (31-35°C) using a heat mat or ceramic heat emitter.
- Cool Side: Keep the cool side at 75-80°F (24-27°C).
- Temperature Monitoring: Use two thermometers, one on each side of the enclosure, to accurately monitor temperatures. A thermostat is essential to regulate the heat source and prevent overheating.
- Lighting: Rosy boas do not require special UVB lighting, as they are nocturnal and primarily active at night. However, a low-wattage incandescent bulb can be used to create a day-night cycle.
- Humidity: Maintain low humidity levels, around 30-40%, to prevent respiratory issues. A water bowl on the cool side of the enclosure will provide adequate humidity.
- Hides: Provide at least two hides, one on the warm side and one on the cool side, where your rosy boa can feel secure and protected. Suitable hides include cork bark, caves, or commercial reptile hides.
- Water: Always provide a shallow dish of fresh, clean water. Ensure the dish is heavy enough to prevent tipping and easy for the snake to access.
4. Rosy Boa Diet and Feeding Habits
Rosy boas are carnivores and primarily feed on small mammals. Here’s a guide to their dietary needs:
- Prey: In the wild, rosy boas eat rodents, such as mice and rats. As pets, they should be fed appropriately sized frozen-thawed mice or rats.
- Feeding Frequency:
- Hatchlings: Feed once every 5-7 days.
- Juveniles: Feed once every 7-10 days.
- Adults: Feed once every 10-14 days.
- Prey Size: The prey item should be approximately the same diameter as the thickest part of the snake’s body.
- Feeding Procedure:
- Thaw frozen prey completely before feeding.
- Use tongs to offer the prey to the snake.
- Avoid handling the snake for 24-48 hours after feeding to allow for proper digestion.
- Supplementation: Rosy boas do not typically require vitamin or mineral supplementation if they are fed a varied diet of appropriately sized prey.
5. Handling and Interaction
Rosy boas are known for their docile nature, making them easy to handle. However, it’s essential to approach handling with care and respect.
- Frequency: Handle your rosy boa regularly, but avoid overhandling, which can cause stress. 10-15 minutes of handling a few times a week is usually sufficient.
- Technique: Support the snake’s body gently but firmly. Avoid squeezing or restricting its movement.
- Signs of Stress: Watch for signs of stress, such as rapid breathing, defensive striking, or attempts to escape. If your snake shows these signs, return it to its enclosure and try again later.
- Hygiene: Always wash your hands before and after handling your rosy boa to prevent the spread of bacteria.
6. Common Health Issues in Rosy Boas
While rosy boas are generally hardy, they are susceptible to certain health issues. Early detection and treatment are crucial for maintaining their health.
| Health Issue | Symptoms | Prevention and Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory Infections | Wheezing, discharge from the nose or mouth, lethargy. | Maintain proper temperature and humidity levels. Consult a veterinarian for antibiotic treatment. |
| Scale Rot | Blisters, lesions, or discoloration on the scales. | Ensure the enclosure is clean and dry. Treat with topical antiseptics as directed by a veterinarian. |
| Mites | Small black or red dots on the snake’s skin, frequent soaking, excessive rubbing. | Quarantine new snakes. Use reptile-safe mite sprays or soaks as directed by a veterinarian. |
| Regurgitation | Vomiting or spitting up undigested food. | Ensure proper temperature and humidity levels. Avoid handling the snake for 24-48 hours after feeding. Consult a veterinarian to rule out underlying health issues. |
| Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) | Regurgitation, disorientation, paralysis, secondary infections. | Isolation of affected animals, proper screening and prevention of mite infestations. Unfortunately, no successful long-term treatments have been identified. Euthanasia may be considered to prevent suffering or the spread of disease to other collections. |
7. Breeding Rosy Boas
Breeding rosy boas can be a rewarding experience, but it requires careful planning and attention to detail.
- Sexing: Rosy boas can be sexed by probing or popping. Probing involves inserting a blunt probe into the cloaca to measure the depth of the hemipenal pockets. Males have deeper pockets than females. Popping is a technique used on juvenile snakes to evert the hemipenes.
- Cooling Period: Rosy boas require a cooling period, or brumation, to stimulate breeding. Gradually reduce the temperature in the enclosure to 60-65°F (15-18°C) for 2-3 months.
- Mating: After the cooling period, gradually increase the temperature and introduce the male to the female’s enclosure. Mating usually occurs within a few weeks.
- Gestation: Rosy boas are ovoviviparous, meaning they give birth to live young. The gestation period is approximately 3-4 months.
- Birthing: Provide a humid hide box for the female to give birth. Rosy boas typically give birth to 3-12 neonates.
- Neonates: Neonate rosy boas should be housed separately and fed small pinky mice every 5-7 days.
8. Rosy Boa Morphs and Variations
Rosy boas exhibit a wide range of colors and patterns, and selective breeding has produced numerous morphs and variations. Some popular morphs include:
- Albino: Lacks dark pigment, resulting in a white or yellow snake with red eyes.
- Snow: A double recessive morph that lacks both dark pigment and yellow pigment, resulting in a pure white snake.
- Hypomelanistic: Reduced dark pigment, resulting in a lighter-colored snake.
- Anerythristic: Lacks red pigment, resulting in a black and white snake.
- Patternless: Lacks distinct patterns, resulting in a solid-colored snake.
9. The Rosy Boa in Popular Culture and Conservation
Rosy boas, while not as widely recognized as some other snake species, hold a unique place in popular culture and conservation efforts.
- Popular Culture: Due to their docile nature and attractive appearance, rosy boas are increasingly featured in educational programs and reptile shows, promoting a better understanding and appreciation of snakes.
- Conservation Status: Rosy boas are not currently listed as endangered or threatened, but habitat loss and illegal collecting can pose a threat to their populations. Supporting conservation efforts and responsible breeding practices can help ensure their survival.
10. Ethical Considerations for Rosy Boa Ownership
As with any pet, owning a rosy boa comes with ethical responsibilities. It’s crucial to consider the following:
- Source: Obtain your rosy boa from a reputable breeder or rescue organization to ensure it is healthy and ethically sourced.
- Commitment: Be prepared to provide long-term care for your rosy boa, which can live for 20-30 years.
- Legality: Check local laws and regulations regarding reptile ownership before acquiring a rosy boa.
- Respect: Treat your rosy boa with respect and provide it with a suitable environment that meets its physical and psychological needs.
11. Rosy Boa vs. Other Pet Snakes: A Comparison
Choosing the right pet snake depends on your experience, lifestyle, and preferences. Here’s a comparison of rosy boas with other popular pet snakes:
| Snake Species | Size | Temperament | Care Level | Handling |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rosy Boa | 2-4 feet | Docile | Easy | Easy |
| Ball Python | 3-5 feet | Docile | Moderate | Easy |
| Corn Snake | 4-6 feet | Docile | Easy | Easy |
| King Snake | 3-7 feet | Variable | Moderate | Moderate |
| Garter Snake | 1-3 feet | Docile | Easy | Easy |
12. Rosy Boa Enrichment and Mental Stimulation
While rosy boas are not as active as some other pets, providing enrichment can enhance their well-being and prevent boredom.
- Enclosure Design: Create a varied and stimulating environment with different textures, climbing opportunities, and hiding places.
- Scent Enrichment: Introduce novel scents, such as shed snake skins or reptile-safe essential oils, to stimulate their sense of smell.
- Feeding Enrichment: Offer prey items in different locations or hide them to encourage hunting behavior.
- Exploration: Allow your rosy boa to explore a safe, supervised area outside its enclosure.
13. Rosy Boa Conservation Efforts and How You Can Help
While rosy boas are not currently endangered, their populations can be affected by habitat loss and illegal collecting. Here’s how you can help with their conservation:
- Support Conservation Organizations: Donate to or volunteer with organizations that protect reptile habitats.
- Educate Others: Share your knowledge about rosy boas and the importance of conservation with friends, family, and the community.
- Responsible Ownership: Purchase rosy boas from reputable breeders who prioritize ethical breeding practices.
- Habitat Preservation: Support local efforts to protect and restore natural habitats.
14. Rosy Boa Genetics and Breeding Projects
Understanding the genetics of rosy boas can enhance your appreciation for their diversity and inform your breeding projects.
- Basic Genetics: Rosy boa colors and patterns are determined by a combination of dominant and recessive genes.
- Breeding Projects: Selective breeding can produce a wide range of morphs and variations, but it’s essential to prioritize the health and well-being of the snakes.
- Genetic Testing: Genetic testing can help identify specific genes and predict the traits of offspring.
- Ethical Considerations: Avoid breeding snakes with known health issues or genetic defects.
15. Rosy Boa Behavior and Communication
Understanding rosy boa behavior and communication can help you better care for your pet.
- Body Language: Rosy boas communicate through body language, such as posture, movement, and tail signals.
- Shedding: Shedding is a natural process for rosy boas, and it can be a sign of good health.
- Defensive Behavior: Rosy boas may exhibit defensive behavior, such as hissing or striking, if they feel threatened.
- Hunting Behavior: Rosy boas are ambush predators, and they exhibit specialized hunting behavior, such as tongue-flicking and striking.
16. Legal and Ethical Considerations of Rosy Boa Ownership
Owning a rosy boa comes with legal and ethical responsibilities.
- Local Laws: Check local laws and regulations regarding reptile ownership before acquiring a rosy boa. Some areas may require permits or prohibit the ownership of certain species.
- Ethical Sourcing: Obtain your rosy boa from a reputable breeder or rescue organization to ensure it is healthy and ethically sourced.
- Responsible Care: Provide your rosy boa with proper care, including appropriate housing, diet, and veterinary care.
- Preventing Escapes: Ensure your enclosure is secure to prevent escapes, which can be harmful to the snake and the environment.
17. Rosy Boa Myths and Misconceptions
There are many myths and misconceptions about rosy boas, which can lead to improper care and mistreatment.
- Myth: Rosy boas are venomous.
- Fact: Rosy boas are non-venomous and pose no threat to humans.
- Myth: Rosy boas require live prey.
- Fact: Rosy boas can be fed frozen-thawed prey, which is safer and more humane.
- Myth: Rosy boas are low-maintenance pets.
- Fact: Rosy boas require specialized care, including proper housing, diet, and veterinary care.
- Myth: Rosy boas do not need veterinary care.
- Fact: Rosy boas can be susceptible to health issues and require regular veterinary checkups.
18. Preparing for Your First Rosy Boa: A Checklist
Before bringing home your first rosy boa, it’s essential to be prepared. Here’s a checklist to help you get started:
- Enclosure: Purchase a suitable enclosure with a secure lid.
- Substrate: Choose an appropriate substrate, such as aspen shavings or reptile carpet.
- Heating: Install a heat mat or ceramic heat emitter and a thermostat.
- Thermometers: Place thermometers on the warm and cool sides of the enclosure.
- Hides: Provide at least two hides, one on the warm side and one on the cool side.
- Water Dish: Provide a shallow dish of fresh, clean water.
- Prey: Purchase appropriately sized frozen-thawed prey.
- Veterinarian: Find a qualified reptile veterinarian in your area.
- Research: Research rosy boa care and behavior.
19. Advanced Rosy Boa Care: Beyond the Basics
For experienced rosy boa keepers, there are advanced care techniques that can further enhance their well-being.
- Bioactive Enclosures: Create a self-sustaining ecosystem within the enclosure with live plants and invertebrates.
- Advanced Feeding Techniques: Offer a varied diet with different types of prey and supplements.
- Behavioral Training: Train your rosy boa to perform simple tasks, such as targeting or coming when called.
- Breeding Projects: Participate in selective breeding programs to produce new and unique morphs.
20. Finding a Reputable Rosy Boa Breeder or Rescue
Choosing the right source for your rosy boa is crucial for ensuring its health and well-being.
- Reputable Breeders: Look for breeders who prioritize ethical breeding practices and the health of their snakes.
- Rescue Organizations: Consider adopting a rosy boa from a rescue organization, which can provide a loving home for a snake in need.
- Online Forums: Consult online forums and communities for recommendations and reviews of breeders and rescue organizations.
- Red Flags: Avoid breeders who sell sick or unhealthy snakes, or who do not provide proper care for their animals.
21. Understanding Rosy Boa Genetics for Breeders
A deeper understanding of rosy boa genetics is essential for breeders aiming to produce specific traits or morphs.
- Inheritance Patterns: Learn about dominant, recessive, and co-dominant genes and how they influence traits.
- Punnett Squares: Use Punnett squares to predict the possible outcomes of breeding different morphs.
- Genetic Testing: Utilize genetic testing to identify specific genes and ensure accurate breeding results.
- Ethical Breeding Practices: Prioritize the health and well-being of the snakes over producing rare or expensive morphs.
22. The Future of Rosy Boa Keeping: Trends and Innovations
The field of reptile keeping is constantly evolving, with new trends and innovations emerging all the time.
- Advanced Enclosure Technology: Explore new technologies, such as automated temperature and humidity control systems.
- Innovative Feeding Methods: Discover new feeding methods, such as offering insects or other unconventional prey items.
- Genetic Research: Stay up-to-date on the latest genetic research, which can help improve breeding practices and conservation efforts.
- Community Involvement: Participate in online forums and communities to share your knowledge and learn from other keepers.
23. Rosy Boa Rescue and Rehabilitation
Rosy boas, like any other pet, may sometimes require rescue and rehabilitation.
- Common Reasons for Rescue: Neglect, abandonment, or improper care can lead to the need for rescue.
- Rehabilitation Process: Providing proper housing, diet, and veterinary care can help rehabilitate rescued rosy boas.
- Adoption Opportunities: Many rescue organizations offer rosy boas for adoption, providing them with a second chance at a loving home.
- Supporting Rescue Efforts: Donate to or volunteer with rescue organizations to help support their efforts.
24. Rosy Boa Health and Wellness: Preventative Care
Preventative care is essential for maintaining the health and wellness of your rosy boa.
- Regular Veterinary Checkups: Schedule regular checkups with a qualified reptile veterinarian.
- Proper Nutrition: Feed your rosy boa a balanced diet of appropriately sized prey.
- Optimal Enclosure Conditions: Maintain proper temperature, humidity, and cleanliness in the enclosure.
- Quarantine New Arrivals: Quarantine new snakes for several weeks before introducing them to your existing collection.
25. Common Rosy Boa Diseases and Treatments
Being aware of common diseases and their treatments is crucial for responsible rosy boa ownership.
- Respiratory Infections: Treat with antibiotics as prescribed by a veterinarian.
- Scale Rot: Treat with topical antiseptics and improve enclosure hygiene.
- Mites: Treat with reptile-safe mite sprays or soaks.
- Parasites: Treat with anti-parasitic medications as prescribed by a veterinarian.
- Consult a Veterinarian: Always consult a qualified reptile veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment.
26. Understanding Rosy Boa Behavior: A Guide
Understanding your rosy boa’s behavior can help you provide better care and prevent problems.
- Normal Behavior: Learn about normal behaviors, such as shedding, eating, and sleeping.
- Abnormal Behavior: Recognize signs of abnormal behavior, such as lethargy, regurgitation, or aggression.
- Environmental Factors: Consider how environmental factors, such as temperature and humidity, can affect behavior.
- Consult a Veterinarian: Consult a veterinarian if you notice any significant changes in behavior.
27. Rosy Boa Housing: Enclosure Design and Setup
Proper housing is essential for the health and well-being of your rosy boa.
- Enclosure Size: Choose an enclosure that is appropriately sized for your snake.
- Substrate: Select a safe and appropriate substrate, such as aspen shavings or reptile carpet.
- Heating: Provide a thermal gradient with a warm side and a cool side.
- Hides: Offer at least two hides, one on the warm side and one on the cool side.
- Water Dish: Provide a shallow dish of fresh, clean water.
28. Feeding Your Rosy Boa: A Nutritional Guide
Proper nutrition is crucial for the health and longevity of your rosy boa.
- Prey Items: Feed appropriately sized frozen-thawed mice or rats.
- Feeding Frequency: Feed hatchlings more frequently than adults.
- Supplementation: Consider supplementing with vitamins and minerals if necessary.
- Avoid Overfeeding: Avoid overfeeding, which can lead to obesity and health problems.
29. Handling and Bonding with Your Rosy Boa
Handling and bonding with your rosy boa can enhance your relationship and improve its well-being.
- Gentle Handling: Handle your rosy boa gently and with respect.
- Regular Handling: Handle your rosy boa regularly, but avoid overhandling.
- Positive Reinforcement: Use positive reinforcement, such as treats, to reward good behavior.
- Avoid Stressful Situations: Avoid stressful situations, such as loud noises or sudden movements.
30. Rosy Boa Conservation: Protecting Their Future
Rosy boa conservation is essential for protecting these fascinating creatures for future generations.
- Habitat Preservation: Support efforts to preserve and protect their natural habitats.
- Responsible Breeding: Practice responsible breeding to avoid over collecting from the wild.
- Education: Educate others about rosy boas and the importance of conservation.
- Support Conservation Organizations: Donate to or volunteer with organizations that support reptile conservation.
31. The Appeal of Rosy Boas as Pets: Why Choose Them?
Rosy boas possess a unique appeal as pets, stemming from their manageable size, docile temperament, and relatively simple care requirements. They are an excellent choice for reptile enthusiasts seeking a rewarding and engaging experience. Their calm demeanor makes them easy to handle, fostering a strong bond between owner and pet.
32. Dispelling Common Myths About Rosy Boas
It’s important to address and dispel common myths surrounding rosy boas to ensure proper care and understanding. For instance, the misconception that they require live prey can be harmful, as frozen-thawed prey is a safer and more humane option. Another myth is that they are low-maintenance pets; while their care is relatively straightforward, they still require specific environmental conditions, a balanced diet, and regular veterinary check-ups to thrive.
33. Creating the Perfect Enclosure for Your Rosy Boa
Designing an enclosure that mimics the rosy boa’s natural habitat is crucial for their well-being. A 40-gallon tank or equivalent is ideal for adult rosy boas, providing ample space to explore and thermoregulate. The substrate should consist of materials like aspen shavings or reptile carpet, which are easy to clean and maintain. Adding hides, climbing structures, and a shallow water dish further enhances the enclosure, promoting physical and mental stimulation.
34. Understanding the Dietary Needs of Rosy Boas
A balanced diet is essential for the health and longevity of rosy boas. In the wild, they primarily feed on small mammals, such as mice and rats. As pets, they should be fed frozen-thawed rodents that are appropriately sized for their body. Hatchlings require feeding every 5-7 days, while adults can be fed every 10-14 days. Overfeeding should be avoided, as it can lead to obesity and other health problems.
35. Ethical Considerations for Rosy Boa Breeders
Ethical considerations are paramount for rosy boa breeders. It’s essential to prioritize the health and well-being of the snakes over producing rare or expensive morphs. Responsible breeding practices include avoiding breeding snakes with known health issues or genetic defects, providing proper care and housing, and ensuring that all offspring are placed in suitable homes.
36. Health Challenges and Veterinary Care for Rosy Boas
Like all pets, rosy boas can be susceptible to various health challenges. Respiratory infections, scale rot, and parasite infestations are among the most common ailments. Regular veterinary check-ups with a qualified reptile veterinarian are crucial for early detection and treatment. Preventative care, such as maintaining optimal enclosure conditions and providing a balanced diet, can also help minimize the risk of health problems.
37. The Role of Rosy Boas in Education and Conservation
Rosy boas play an important role in education and conservation efforts. Their docile nature and attractive appearance make them ideal ambassadors for reptiles, helping to dispel negative stereotypes and promote a better understanding of these fascinating creatures. By educating others about rosy boas and the importance of conservation, we can help protect their future in the wild.
38. Integrating Rosy Boas into Community and Education Programs
Integrating rosy boas into community and education programs can provide valuable learning experiences for people of all ages. These snakes can be used to teach about reptile biology, ecology, and conservation. They can also serve as therapy animals, providing comfort and companionship to individuals with special needs.
39. Innovations in Rosy Boa Enclosures and Husbandry
Innovations in rosy boa enclosures and husbandry are constantly emerging, improving the quality of care that we can provide. Advanced enclosure technology, such as automated temperature and humidity control systems, can help create more stable and optimal environments. Innovative feeding methods, such as offering insects or other unconventional prey items, can provide enrichment and nutritional diversity.
40. Resources for Rosy Boa Owners: PETS.EDU.VN and Beyond
Reliable resources are essential for rosy boa owners seeking to provide the best possible care for their pets. PETS.EDU.VN offers a wealth of information on rosy boa care, including detailed guides, expert advice, and a supportive community. In addition to PETS.EDU.VN, there are many other valuable resources available, such as reptile veterinarians, breeders, and rescue organizations.
In conclusion, rosy boas are wonderful pets for those prepared to meet their specific needs. They offer a unique and rewarding experience, bringing joy and fascination to reptile enthusiasts. At PETS.EDU.VN, we are dedicated to providing the information and support you need to become a responsible and successful rosy boa owner.
For more in-depth information and personalized advice on caring for your rosy boa, we encourage you to visit PETS.EDU.VN. Our comprehensive resources cover everything from habitat setup and diet to health and behavior. You can also connect with our community of experienced reptile keepers to share your experiences and learn from others.
Need immediate assistance or have specific questions? Contact us at 789 Paw Lane, Petville, CA 91234, United States, or reach out via WhatsApp at +1 555-987-6543. Our team is here to help you every step of the way, ensuring a happy and healthy life for your rosy boa. Join the PETS.EDU.VN family and discover the joys of reptile ownership. Whether you are a seasoned reptile enthusiast or new to the world of snake keeping, pets.edu.vn has what you need. Explore rosy boa habitats and understand rosy boa behavior with our help.
FAQ About Rosy Boas as Pets
- Are rosy boas good for beginners? Yes, their docile nature and relatively simple care make them suitable for beginner reptile owners.
- How big do rosy boas get? They typically reach 2-4 feet in length.
- What do rosy boas eat? Primarily small rodents, such as mice and rats.
- How often do rosy boas need to be fed? Hatchlings every 5-7 days, adults every 10-14 days.
- Do rosy boas need special lighting? No, but a low-wattage incandescent bulb can help establish a day-night cycle.
- What temperature should a rosy boa enclosure be? Warm side 88-95°F (31-35°C), cool side 75-80°F (24-27°C).
- How long do rosy boas live? With proper care, they can live 20-30 years.
- Are rosy boas easy to handle? Yes, they are known for their docile and easy-to-handle nature.
- Do rosy boas need UVB lighting? No, they do not require UVB lighting.
- Where can I find a reputable rosy boa breeder? Online reptile forums and communities can provide recommendations.
